Malamulo Okhudza Kutumiza Zinthu Kunja ndi Zofunikira pa Satifiketi ya Zida Zamagetsi ku South America

Malamulo Okhudza Kutumiza Zinthu Kunja ndi Zofunikira pa Satifiketi ya Zida Zamagetsi ku South America

1. Machitidwe Ovomerezeka Otsimikizira mu Misika Yaikulu (Brazil/Argentina/Motsogozedwa ndi Mexico)

2. Zofunikira Zofunikira Pazachitetezo Chamagetsi ndi Kugwirizana Kwamagetsi (EMC)

3. Njira Yotsimikizira ndi Mafotokozedwe a Zolemba Zaukadaulo

4. Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri Zokhudza Kulemba, Kuyika, ndi Kutsatira Malamulo a Malo

5. Zoopsa Zodziwika Bwino Zokhudza Kutsata Malamulo ndi Machitidwe Atsopano a Malamulo mu 2025

I. Machitidwe Ovomerezeka Otsimikizira mu Misika Yaikulu (Brazil/Argentina/Motsogozedwa ndi Mexico)

Kupeza zida zamagetsi ku South America kumadalira kwambiri ziphaso zovomerezeka za mayiko atatuwa, zomwe zimaphimba 90% ya msika waukulu wa ogula. Zinthu zomwe sizikupeza satifiketi zimakumana ndi kutsekeredwa kwa misonkho, chindapusa, komanso kuletsedwa kwa msika.

Chitsimikizo cha INMETRO ku Brazil: Monga imodzi mwa njira zokhwimitsa kwambiri zotsimikizira ku South America, chimagwira ntchito pa zida zonse zamagetsi zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'manja (zobowola, Chopukusira ngodyas, ma chainsaw, ndi zina zotero), ndipo makamaka zimachokera ku miyezo ya ABNT NBR IEC 60745. Chitsimikizochi chimapereka kufalikira m'magawo anayi: chitetezo chamagetsi, magwiridwe antchito amakina, kuwongolera phokoso ndi kugwedezeka, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera. Zogulitsa ziyenera kupambana mayeso amagetsi (1000V-3000V kwa mphindi imodzi), mayeso okana kutenthetsa (≥1MΩ), ndi kutsimikizira kupitiliza kwa nthaka. Zogulitsa zovomerezeka ziyenera kuwonetsa chizindikiro cha INMETRO ndi nambala ya chitsimikizo kosatha, ndi kutalika kwa zilembo zosachepera 5mm. Chitsimikizochi chimagwira ntchito kwa chaka chimodzi mpaka zisanu, chomwe chimafuna kulengeza pachaka kuti chivomerezedwe.

Chitsimikizo cha IRAM ku Argentina: Kusintha kwakukulu kunachitika mu 2025, kuphatikiza chizindikiro choyambirira cha chitsimikizo mu chizindikiro chachitetezo cha "S-Mark", zomwe zimalamula kuti nambala ya thupi la chitsimikizo iphatikizidwe (monga, IRAM1234). Chitsimikizochi chimakhudza chitetezo chamagetsi (IRAM 62490 series), chitetezo chamakina (IRAM 62368-1), ndi kugwirizanitsa kwamagetsi (IRAM 55022/55024). Zipangizo zamagetsi zanzeru tsopano zikufunika kutsatira protocol ya chitetezo cha pa intaneti ya UN/ECE R155. Chofunika kwambiri, makampani omwe si a ku Argentina ayenera kusankha woyimira milandu mkati mwa Argentina (wopereka nambala yolembetsa ya OAA) kuti agwire ntchito yolumikizirana ndi zitsimikizo ndi kukumbutsa zochitika. Chitsimikizo cha NOM ku Mexico: Kutengera muyezo wa NOM-024-SCFI-2013, chimalimbikitsa kuwongolera kofunikira pa kulemba zilembo ndi magwiridwe antchito achitetezo a zida zamagetsi, kuphatikiza kugwirizanitsa mphamvu, chitetezo cha kutuluka kwa madzi, ndi zofunikira pakuletsa moto pazinthu. Mosiyana ndi Brazil ndi Argentina, Mexico imalola kuti zinthu zomwe zili ndi malipoti a IECEE CB zisayesedwe, koma zimafuna mayeso owonjezera pa kusiyana kwa m'deralo.

Kuphatikiza apo, satifiketi ya SENCE ya ku Chile ndi satifiketi ya ICONTEC ya ku Colombia, ngakhale zili ndi chivindikiro chochepa, zimafuna kugwirizana kwambiri ndi miyezo ya IEC ndipo ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zogwirizana ndi magetsi a gridi yapafupi (220V/50Hz).

II. Zofunikira Zofunikira Pazachitetezo Chamagetsi ndi Kugwirizana Kwamagetsi (EMC)

Mayiko aku South America akuyang'ana kwambiri mbali zitatu zazikulu za chida chamagetsi kutsatira malamulo a chitetezo, ndipo miyezo imasinthidwa chaka chilichonse: Miyezo ya Chitetezo cha Magetsi: Chofunikira chimodzi ndichakuti zinthu zitsatire muyezo woyambira wa IEC 60745, koma kusiyana kwa m'deralo kulipo m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Brazil ili ndi muyezo wowonjezera wofunikira wa ABNT NBR 14136 plug and socket, womwe umafuna mizere yokhazikika komanso yodalirika komanso kukana kwamphamvu kwa nthaka ya ≤0.1Ω. Argentina ikunena momveka bwino kuti zipangizo zotetezera ziyenera kupambana mayeso a IRAM 60730-1 oletsa moto ndipo imaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zigawo zomwe zili ndi asbestos kapena ma plasticizer ena. Mexico ikugogomezera liwiro la mayankho a zida zoteteza kupitirira muyeso, zomwe zimafuna kuti njira yozimitsira magetsi iyambike mkati mwa masekondi 0.5 ngati dera lafupikitsidwa.

Kugwirizana kwa Magetsi (EMC): Dziko la Brazil ndi Argentina laphatikiza mayeso a EMC mu chiphaso chawo chovomerezeka. Dziko la Brazil lagwiritsa ntchito miyezo ya ABNT NBR IEC 61000, kuyesa zizindikiro 12 kuphatikiza kutulutsa kwa radiation ndi chitetezo cha kutulutsa kwamagetsi. Miyezo ya IRAM 55022/55024 ya ku Argentina ndi yokhwima kwambiri, imafuna zida zamagetsi zanzeru kuti zidutsenso satifiketi ya UN/ECE R155 cybersecurity protocol (yoyambira Januwale 2025) kuti apewe zoopsa zotayikira deta. Zoletsa Zachilengedwe ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu: Muyezo wa ABNT NBR 15620 wa ku Brazil ndi wofanana ndi malangizo a EU RoHS, ochepetsa kuchuluka kwa mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya zinthu zoopsa, kuphatikiza lead ndi cadmium. Kuyambira mu 2024, zofunikira pakubwezeretsanso zilembo za mabatire zidzawonjezedwa. Argentina idzagwiritsa ntchito muyezo watsopano wa IRAM 62400:2025 wakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mu 2025, womwe umafuna kuti zida zamagetsi zikhale ndi zilembo zowunikira mphamvu (magawo 1-5). Zogulitsa za Level 1 ndizoyenera kuchepetsedwa mtengo wotumizira kunja. Pakadali pano Mexico silamula kuti pakhale satifiketi yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu moyenera, koma imafuna kuti kusiyana pakati pa mphamvu yeniyeni ya chinthucho ndi mphamvu yeniyeni kusapitirire ±10%.

III. Njira Yotsimikizira ndi Mafotokozedwe a Zolemba Zaukadaulo

Njira yopezera satifiketi m'misika yayikulu ku South America imatsatira chitsanzo cha magawo atatu cha "kuyesa + kuwunika + kuyang'anira," ndi nthawi ya miyezi 3-6. Kukonzekera pasadakhale nthawi ndikofunikira:

1. Gawo Lokonzekera Koyambirira: Magulu atatu ofunikira a zikalata ndi awa: ① Zikalata zaukadaulo (ma circuit diagrams, mndandanda wa zigawo, mabuku ophunzitsira a Chisipanishi/Chipwitikizi; zikalata za Chingerezi zimafuna kumasuliridwa ndi notarized); ② Zitsanzo zoyesera (zinthu 3-5 zonse, kuphatikizapo zigawo zazikulu monga ma mota ndi ma PCB, zomwe zimafuna satifiketi ya UL/VDE); ③ Zikalata za dongosolo loyang'anira khalidwe (satifiketi ya ISO 9001 kapena IRAM 9001 declaration of conformity). Ndikofunikira kusankha mitundu yazinthu zomwe zatsimikiziridwa kale ndi IECEE CB, zomwe zingachotse 30%-50% ya zinthu zoyesera ndikufupikitsa nthawi yotsimikizira.

2. Gawo Loyesa ndi Kuwunika: Zitsanzo ziyenera kutumizidwa ku labotale yovomerezeka yakumaloko kuti zikayesedwe. Zinthu zazikulu zoyesera zikuphatikizapo: chitetezo chamagetsi (chopirira mphamvu yamagetsi, kukana kutenthetsa, kupitirira kwa nthaka), magwiridwe antchito amakina (kulimba, mayeso otaya), EMC (kutulutsa mpweya woipa, chitetezo chamthupi), ndi phokoso ndi kugwedezeka (Brazil imafuna phokoso ≤85dB ndi kugwedezeka ≤2.5m/s²). Pa gawo lowunika, INMETRO ya ku Brazil ndi IRAM ya ku Argentina zitha kuchita kuyendera mafakitale mwachisawawa kuti zitsimikizire kusinthasintha kwa njira zopangira ndi zikalata zaukadaulo. Chitsimikizo cha NOM cha ku Mexico pakadali pano sichikulamula kuti mafakitale aziwunika mwachisawawa koma chili ndi ufulu wochita kuyendera mwachisawawa.

3. Gawo Lokonza Chitsimikizo: Chitsimikizochi chimagwira ntchito kwa chaka chimodzi mpaka zisanu (INMETRO ya ku Brazil ili ndi zaka 5 zokha, ndipo IRAM ya ku Argentina ili ndi zaka 5). Chilengezo cha pachaka cha kutsata malamulo a malonda ndi ndalama zapachaka (pafupifupi US$1200/chaka ku Argentina) ndizofunikira. Ponena za kuyang'anira msika, INMETRO ya ku Brazil imachita kafukufuku wosasankhidwa kotala lililonse; zinthu zosatsatira malamulo zimakumana ndi kubwezedwa ndi chindapusa cha mpaka US$100,000. Argentina idzakhazikitsa njira yowunikira ya digito mu 2025, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kuyang'anira mpaka kamodzi pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi iliyonse. Zofunikira Zapadera: Makampani omwe si aku South America ayenera kusankha woyimira milandu wakomweko (Brazil ikufuna nambala yolembetsa ya CNPJ, Argentina ikufuna nambala yolembetsa ya OAA) kuti ikhale ndi udindo wolankhulana ndi zitsimikizo, kusamalira zochitika, ndi kubweza. Mafomu opanda woyimira wakomweko adzakanidwa kotheratu.

IV. Kulemba, Kuyika, ndi Kutsatira Malamulo a Malo

Kulemba ndi kutsata malamulo okhudza kulongedza katundu ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kuvomereza msonkho wa katundu wochokera ku South America. 60% ya katundu wobwezedwayo ndi chifukwa cha zolakwika pa kulemba katundu. Zofunikira zotsatirazi ziyenera kutsindika:

Zomwe Zili ndi Chizindikiro Chofunikira: Ziyenera kukhala ndi ① Zizindikiro za Satifiketi (INMETRO/S-Mark/NOM mark + nambala ya satifiketi, kutalika kwa zilembo ≥ 5mm); ② Zambiri za malonda (mtundu, mtundu, mphamvu yovomerezeka, tsiku lopanga); ③ Machenjezo achitetezo (mu Chisipanishi/Chipwitikizi, monga "Osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ana aang'ono" kapena "Valani zida zodzitetezera"); ④ Chizindikiro cha dziko lochokera (cholembedwa momveka bwino kuti "Yopangidwa mu XX"). Brazil imafunanso chizindikiro chobwezeretsanso mabatire (ngati mabatire a lithiamu akuphatikizidwa), ndipo Argentina imafuna chizindikiro chowunikira mphamvu. Zofunikira pa Mapaketi: Mapaketi osanyowa komanso osagwedezeka amafunika kuti apewe kuwonongeka kwa malonda panthawi yoyendera komanso kulephera kupitilira mayeso. Mapaketi ayenera kuyika zambiri zogwirizana ndi chizindikiro cha malonda, ndipo zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku zamoyo zomwe zili pangozi ndizoletsedwa (monga, mapaketi a redwood ndi oletsedwa ku Brazil). Mexico imafuna kuti dzina ndi adilesi ya wotumiza zinthu zilembedwe momveka bwino pa phukusi, pomwe Argentina imafuna kuti zambiri zolumikizirana ndi wothandizira wakomweko zidziwike.

Tsatanetsatane wa Malo: Ponena za chilankhulo, Chipwitikizi chikufunika pamsika waku Brazil, pomwe Chisipanishi chikufunika ku Argentina, Mexico, ndi Chile. Kulemba zilembo m'zilankhulo ziwiri kungachepetse zoopsa zotsatizana ndi malamulo. Kugwirizana kwa magetsi kuyenera kutsatira miyezo yamagetsi am'deralo (220V/50Hz ndi yofala ku South America konse; pewani zinthu zomwe zapangidwira North America 110V). Mitundu ya mapulagi iyenera kukhala yogwirizana (Brazil imagwiritsa ntchito pulagi ya NBR 14136 ya mapini atatu, Argentina imagwiritsa ntchito pulagi yokhazikika ya IRAM 2063/2073).

V. Zoopsa Zofanana Zokhudza Kutsata Malamulo ndi Machitidwe Atsopano a Malamulo mu 2025

Zoopsa Zokhudza Kutsatira Malamulo Oyendetsera Zinthu Pafupipafupi:
① Zolakwika pa kulemba zilembo (kusagwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo cha m'deralo, kusowa kwa nambala ya satifiketi, kutalika kosakwanira kwa zilembo), ichi ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chobweza kuchokera ku Argentina;
② Kusatsatira malamulo a chitetezo cha magetsi (kusakwanira kukana kwamphamvu kwa zinthu zotetezera kutentha, zolakwika za mzere wa nthaka), zomwe zimapangitsa 70% ya kulephera kwa mayeso ku Brazil;
③ Kusatsatira malamulo a zinthu (kuphatikizapo asbestos, mapulasitiki ambiri), kudzapangitsa kuti anthu akane mwachindunji ndi kuphatikizidwa pamndandanda wakuda wa msika;
④ Kulephera kusintha satifiketi munthawi yake (kulephera kutsimikiziranso pambuyo pa kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu), kukumana ndi zilango zoyang'anira msika.

Malamulo Atsopano a 2025 Zochitika
① Kuphatikiza ndi Kukweza Ziphaso: IRAM yaku Argentina yamaliza kuphatikiza chizindikiro chake (S-Mark), kupangitsa kuti njira yopezera ziphaso ikhale yosavuta komanso kuchepetsa nthawi yowerengera ma digito kukhala masabata 4-6 (kuyambira masabata 8);
② Kukulitsa Chitetezo cha pa Intaneti: Zipangizo zamagetsi zanzeru ziyenera kuvomereza satifiketi ya chitetezo cha pa intaneti ya UN/ECE R155, yomwe ikuphatikizapo zofunikira pakubisa deta ndi chitetezo cha kufooka;
③ Malo Owonjezera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu Moyenera: Argentina ndi Chile pang'onopang'ono adzakhazikitsa njira yowunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera, ndipo zinthu zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa (gawo 4-5) zitha kukumana ndi ziletso zotumiza kunja;
④ Kuyang'aniridwa Kowonjezereka: INMETRO ya ku Brazil yakulitsa kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo pamsika, kuphatikizapo zinthu zochokera ku njira zamalonda apaintaneti zomwe zikuyang'aniridwa kwambiri, zomwe zawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo kufika pa 15%.

Malangizo Otsatira Malamulo: Yambani njira yopezera satifiketi miyezi 6 pasadakhale, ndikuyika patsogolo njira yosinthira malipoti a CB kuti muchepetse ndalama zoyesera; kukhazikitsa njira yowunikira zilembo kuti mupewe zolakwika za chilankhulo ndi chidziwitso; samalani zosintha za miyezo yadziko lonse (monga mndandanda wa miyezo yapachaka wofalitsidwa ndi IRAM) kuti muwonetsetse kuti malonda akutsatira malamulo mosalekeza.

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