Imithetho yokungenisa impahla kunye neemfuno zeSatifikethi seZixhobo zamandla kwiMarike yaseMzantsi Melika

Imithetho yokungenisa impahla kunye neemfuno zeSatifikethi seZixhobo zamandla kwiMarike yaseMzantsi Melika

1. Iinkqubo zeSatifikethi eziSinyanzelo kwiiMarike eziPhambili (ezikhokelwa yiBrazil/Argentina/eMexico)

2. Iimfuneko eziphambili zoLawulo loKhuseleko loMbane kunye nokuHlangana koMbane (i-EMC)

3. Iinkcukacha zeNkqubo yeSatifikethi kunye neeNkcukacha zoBugcisa

4. Amanqaku aphambili okuLayibha, ukuPakisha, kunye nokuThotyelwa kweNdawo

5. Iingozi Eziqhelekileyo Zokuthobela Imithetho kunye Neendlela Ezintsha Zemithetho Ngowama-2025

I. Iinkqubo zeSatifikethi eziSinyanzelo kwiiMarike eziphambili (eBrazil/eArgentina/ekhokelwa yiMexico)

Ukufikelela kwimarike yezixhobo zamandla eMzantsi Melika kugxile kwiziqinisekiso ezinyanzelekileyo zala mazwe mathathu, ezigubungela ngaphezulu kwe-90% yemarike yabathengi abaphambili. Iimveliso ezingaphumeleliyo ukufumana isiqinisekiso zijongene nokubanjwa kwerhafu, iintlawulo, kwanokuvalwa kwemarike.

Isiqinisekiso se-INMETRO saseBrazil: Njengenye yeenkqubo zokuqinisekisa ezingqongqo eMzantsi Melika, sisebenza kuzo zonke izixhobo zamandla eziphathwayo (iidrili, Isixhobo sokuGqiba i-Angles, ii-chainsaws, njl.njl.), kwaye isekelwe ikakhulu kwimigangatho yochungechunge lwe-ABNT NBR IEC 60745. Esi siqinisekiso sigunyazisa ukugubungela kuzo zonke iinkalo ezine: ukhuseleko lombane, ukusebenza koomatshini, ulawulo lwengxolo kunye nokungcangcazela, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla. Iimveliso kufuneka ziphumelele uvavanyo lwe-voltage (1000V-3000V umzuzu o-1), uvavanyo lokumelana nobushushu (≥1MΩ), kunye nokuqinisekiswa kokuqhubeka komhlaba. Iimveliso eziqinisekisiweyo kufuneka zibonise uphawu lwe-INMETRO ngokusisigxina kunye nenombolo yesiqinisekiso, enobude bomlinganiswa obuyi-5mm ubuncinci. Esi siqinisekiso sisebenza iminyaka eli-1-5, sifuna isibhengezo sonyaka sokuvumelana ukuze kugcinwe ukuqinisekiswa.

Isiqinisekiso se-IRAM sase-Argentina: Uhlaziyo olukhulu lwenziwa ngo-2025, ludibanisa uphawu lokuqala lwesiqinisekiso kuphawu lokhuseleko lwe-"S-Mark", nto leyo eyayalela ukuba kufakwe inombolo yomzimba wesiqinisekiso (umz., i-IRAM1234). Ububanzi besiqinisekiso bugubungela ukhuseleko lombane (uthotho lwe-IRAM 62490), ukhuseleko loomatshini (IRAM 62368-1), kunye nokuhambelana kwe-electromagnetic (IRAM 55022/55024). Izixhobo zamandla ezikrelekrele ngoku zifuna ukuthotyelwa kweprotocol yokhuseleko lwe-cyber ye-UN/ECE R155. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, iinkampani ezingezizo zase-Argentina kufuneka zityumbe ummeli osemthethweni ngaphakathi e-Argentina (obonelela ngenombolo yobhaliso lwe-OAA) ukuze aphathe unxibelelwano lwesiqinisekiso kunye nokukhunjulwa kweziganeko. Isiqinisekiso se-NOM saseMexico: Ngokusekelwe kumgangatho we-NOM-024-SCFI-2013, sinyanzelisa ulawulo oluyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kweelebheli kunye nokusebenza kokhuseleko kwezixhobo zamandla, sigubungela ukuhambelana kwamandla, ukhuseleko lokuvuza, kunye neemfuno zokurhoxiswa komlilo wezinto. Ngokungafaniyo neBrazil neArgentina, iMexico ivumela iimveliso eziphethe iingxelo ze-IECEE CB ukuba zingabandakanywa kwezinye iimvavanyo, kodwa zifuna uvavanyo olongezelelweyo lomahluko wasekuhlaleni.

Ukongeza, isiqinisekiso se-SENCE saseChile kunye nesiqinisekiso se-ICONTEC saseColombia, nangona zinomgangatho omncinci, zifuna ukulungelelaniswa okuphezulu nemigangatho ye-IEC kwaye kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno zokuhambelana kwe-voltage yegridi yendawo (220V/50Hz).

II. Iimfuneko eziphambili zoLawulo loKhuseleko loMbane kunye nokuHlangana koMbane (i-EMC)

Amazwe aseMzantsi Melika agxila kwiinkalo ezintathu eziphambili isixhobo samandla ukuthotyelwa kokhuseleko, kunye nemigangatho iyaphuculwa minyaka le: Imigangatho yoKhuseleko loMbane: Imfuneko edibeneyo kukuba iimveliso zihambelane nomgangatho osisiseko we-IEC 60745, kodwa umahluko wengingqi ukho kumazwe ahlukeneyo. IBrazil inomgangatho owongezelelweyo weplagi kunye nesokethi we-ABNT NBR 14136 oyimfuneko, ofuna imigca yokumisa eqhubekayo nethembekileyo kunye nokumelana komsinga wempazamo emhlabeni we-≤0.1Ω. IArgentina icacisa ngokucacileyo ukuba izixhobo zokukhusela kufuneka ziphumelele uvavanyo lwe-IRAM 60730-1 lokurhoxiswa komlilo kwaye iyakwalela ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziqulethe i-asbestos okanye iiplastiki ezithile. IMexico igxininisa isantya sokuphendula kwezixhobo zokukhusela ukugqithiswa kombane, ifuna ukuba indlela yokucima umbane iqaliswe ngaphakathi kwemizuzwana eyi-0.5 xa kwenzeka isekethe emfutshane.

Ukuhambelana kwe-Electromagnetic (EMC): IBrazil neArgentina zifake uvavanyo lwe-EMC kuluhlu lwazo lwesatifikethi esinyanzelekileyo. IBrazil yamkela imigangatho yochungechunge lwe-ABNT NBR IEC 61000, ivavanya izalathisi ezili-12 kubandakanya ukukhutshwa kwe-radiated kunye nokungakhuseleki kokukhutshwa kwe-electrostatic. Imigangatho ye-IRAM 55022/55024 yaseArgentina ingqongqo ngakumbi, ifuna izixhobo zamandla ezikrelekrele ukuba ziphumelele isiqinisekiso seprotocol yokhuseleko lwe-cybersecurity ye-UN/ECE R155 (esisebenza ngoJanuwari 2025) ukuthintela umngcipheko wokuvuza kwedatha. Imiqathango yokuSebenza kakuhle kwendalo kunye namandla: Umgangatho we-ABNT NBR 15620 waseBrazil ulingana nomyalelo we-EU RoHS, othintela umxholo weentlobo ezintandathu zezinto ezinobungozi, kubandakanya i-lead kunye ne-cadmium. Ukususela ngo-2024, iimfuno zokureyibha iibhetri ziya kongezwa. IArgentina iza kuphumeza umgangatho omtsha we-IRAM 62400:2025 wokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla ngo-2025, ifuna izixhobo zamandla zibe neelebheli zokulinganisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla (amanqanaba 1-5). Iimveliso zeNqanaba loku-1 zifanelekile ukuncitshiswa kwerhafu yokungenisa. IMexico okwangoku ayigunyazisi ukuba kufunyanwe isiqinisekiso sokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, kodwa ifuna ukuba umahluko phakathi kwamandla aqhelekileyo emveliso kunye nemveliso yokwenyani ungadluli kwi-±10%.

III. Iinkcukacha zeNkqubo yeSatifikethi kunye neeNkcukacha zoBugcisa

Inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa kwiimarike ezinkulu zaseMzantsi Melika ilandela imodeli enamanqanaba amathathu "yokuvavanya + uphicotho + ukubekwa esweni," enomjikelo weenyanga ezi-3-6. Ukucwangciswa kwangaphambili kwamaxesha kuyimfuneko:

1. Inqanaba Lokulungiselela Kwangaphambili: Kufuneka iindidi ezintathu zamaxwebhu angundoqo: ① Amaxwebhu obuchwephesha (iidayagram zesekethe, uluhlu lwamalungu, iincwadi zemiyalelo zesiSpanish/isiPhuthukezi; amaxwebhu esiNgesi afuna inguqulelo eqinisekisiweyo); ② Iisampulu zovavanyo (iimveliso ezipheleleyo ezi-3-5, kuquka izinto eziphambili ezifana neemoto kunye neePCB, ezifuna isiqinisekiso se-UL/VDE); ③ Amaxwebhu enkqubo yolawulo lomgangatho (isatifiketi se-ISO 9001 okanye isibhengezo sokuvumelana kwe-IRAM 9001). Kucetyiswa ukuba kubekwe phambili iimodeli zemveliso esele ziqinisekisiwe yi-IECEE CB, ezinokukhulula i-30%-50% yezinto zovavanyo kwaye zinciphise umjikelo wesiqinisekiso.

2. Inqanaba loVavanyo kunye noHlolo: Iisampulu mazithunyelwe kwilabhoratri evunyiweyo yendawo ukuze zivavanye. Izinto eziphambili zovavanyo ziquka: ukhuseleko lombane (ukumelana nombane, ukumelana nobushushu, ukuqhubeka komhlaba), ukusebenza koomatshini (ukuqina, uvavanyo lokuwa), i-EMC (ukukhutshwa kwemitha, ukhuseleko), kunye nengxolo kunye nokungcangcazela (iBrazil ifuna ingxolo ≤85dB kunye nokungcangcazela ≤2.5m/s²). Ngexesha lenqanaba lophicotho, zombini i-INMETRO yaseBrazil kunye ne-IRAM yaseArgentina zinokwenza uhlolo lwefektri olungaqhelekanga ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kweenkqubo zemveliso kunye namaxwebhu obuchwephesha. Isiqinisekiso se-NOM saseMexico asigunyazisi uhlolo lwefektri okwangoku kodwa sinelungelo lokwenza uhlolo olungaqhelekanga.

3. Inqanaba Lokugcinwa Kwesiqinisekiso: Isiqinisekiso sisebenza iminyaka eli-1-5 (i-INMETRO yaseBrazil ineminyaka emi-5 ubuninzi, kwaye i-IRAM yaseArgentina ineminyaka emi-5). Isibhengezo sonyaka sokuhambelana kwemveliso kunye nomrhumo wonyaka (malunga ne-US$1200 ngonyaka eArgentina) ziyafuneka. Ngokuphathelele ukubekwa esweni kwemarike, i-INMETRO yaseBrazil iqhuba uhlolo olungacwangciswanga rhoqo ngekota; iimveliso ezingathobeliyo zijongene nokurhoxiswa kunye neentlawulo ezifikelela kwi-US$100,000. IArgentina iza kusebenzisa inkqubo yokuhlolwa kwedijithali ngo-2025, inyusa ukuphindaphindwa kokubekwa esweni kube kanye kwiinyanga ezintandathu. Iimfuno Ezikhethekileyo: Iinkampani ezingezizo ezaseMzantsi Melika kufuneka zityumbe ummeli wezomthetho wasekuhlaleni (iBrazil ifuna inombolo yobhaliso ye-CNPJ, iArgentina ifuna inombolo yobhaliso ye-OAA) ukuba ibe noxanduva lonxibelelwano lwesatifikethi, ukuphathwa kweziganeko, kunye nokuphunyezwa kokurhoxiswa. Izicelo ezingenammeli wasekuhlaleni ziya kwaliwa ngokupheleleyo.

IV. Ukubhala iilebheli, ukupakishwa, kunye nokubekwa kwindawo ethile Amanqaku aphambili okuthobela imithetho

Ukuthobela iilebheli kunye nokupakisha yinto ebalulekileyo ekuvunyelweni kwerhafu yokungenisa impahla eMzantsi Melika. Ama-60% eempahla ezithunyelweyo ezibuyisiweyo zibangelwa ziimpazamo zokulebhelisha. Ezi mfuno zilandelayo mazigxininiswe:

Umxholo weLebheli oyimfuneko: Kufuneka uquke ① Iimpawu zeSatifikethi (uphawu lwe-INMETRO/S-Mark/NOM + inombolo yesatifiketi, ubude bomlinganiswa ≥ 5mm); ② Ulwazi lwemveliso (uphawu, imodeli, i-voltage/amandla alinganisiweyo, umhla wokuveliswa); ③ Izilumkiso zokhuseleko (ngeSpanish/isiPhuthukezi, ezifana nokuthi "Ayifanele isetyenziswe ngabantwana abancinci" okanye "Nxiba izixhobo zokukhusela"); ④ Ilebheli yelizwe lemvelaphi (echaza ngokucacileyo ukuba "Yenziwe ngo-XX"). IBrazil ikwafuna ilebheli yokuphinda isetyenziswe kwebhetri (ukuba iibhetri ze-lithium ziyabandakanywa), kwaye iArgentina ifuna ilebheli yokulinganisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla. Iinkcukacha zokuPakisha: Ukupakisha okungenamswakama kunye nokunganyamezeliyo kuyafuneka ukuthintela umonakalo wemveliso ngexesha lokuthuthwa kunye nokungaphumeleli okulandelayo ukupasa uhlolo. Ukupakisha kufuneka kuncamathisele ulwazi oluhambelana nelebheli yemveliso, kwaye izinto ezenziwe ngeentlobo ezisengozini yokutshabalala azivumelekanga (umz., ukupakisha kwe-redwood akuvumelekanga eBrazil). IMexico ifuna igama kunye nedilesi yomthumeli ukuba zichazwe ngokucacileyo kwiphakheji, ngelixa iArgentina ifuna ulwazi loqhagamshelwano lwearhente yasekuhlaleni.

Iinkcukacha Zokufumaneka Kwendawo: Ngokuphathelele ulwimi, isiPhuthukezi siyafuneka kwimarike yaseBrazil, ngelixa isiSpanish sifuneka eArgentina, eMexico, naseChile. Ukubhala iilebheli ngeelwimi ezimbini kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuthobela imithetho. Ukuhambelana kweVoltha kufuneka kuhambelane nemigangatho yegridi yamandla yasekuhlaleni (i-220V/50Hz ixhaphakile kulo lonke elaseMzantsi Melika; kuphephe iimveliso ezenzelwe i-110V yaseMntla Melika). Iintlobo zeeplagi kufuneka zihambelane (iBrazil isebenzisa iplagi ye-NBR 14136 enezikhonkwane ezintathu, iArgentina isebenzisa iplagi eqhelekileyo ye-IRAM 2063/2073).

V. Iingozi Zokuthobela Imithetho Eqhelekileyo kunye Neendlela Ezintsha Zemithetho Ngo-2025

Iingozi zokuthobela imithetho rhoqo:
① Iimpazamo zokubhala iilebheli (ukungasebenzisi ulwimi lwasekuhlaleni, inombolo yesatifikethi engekhoyo, ubude obungonelanga boonobumba), le yeyona sizathu siphambili sokubuyiselwa kwemali evela eArgentina;
② Ukungathobeli ukhuseleko lombane (ukungoneli kokumelana nezixhobo zokukhusela umbane ezine-voltage ephezulu, iimpazamo zomgca womhlaba), okubangela i-70% yokusilela kovavanyo eBrazil;
③ Ukungathobeli imithetho yezinto (kubandakanya i-asbestos, iiplastiki ezininzi), kuya kubangela ukwaliwa ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokufakwa kuluhlu lwabantu abamnyama kwimarike;
④ Ukusilela ukuhlaziya isatifikethi ngexesha elifanelekileyo (ukungaphumeleli ukuphinda kuqinisekiswe emva kotshintsho kuyilo lwemveliso), ukujongana nezohlwayo zolawulo lwemarike.

Iindlela Ezintsha Zemithetho Yowama-2025
① Ukuhlanganiswa noPhuculo lweSatifikethi: I-IRAM yaseArgentina igqibile ukuhlanganiswa kophawu lwayo (i-S-Mark), yenza lula inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa kwaye inciphisa umjikelo wophicotho lwedijithali ukuya kwiiveki ezi-4-6 (ukusuka kwiiveki ezi-8);
② Ukwandiswa koKhuseleko lwe-Intanethi: Izixhobo zamandla ezikrelekrele kufuneka ziphumelele isiqinisekiso sokhuseleko lwe-intanethi se-UN/ECE R155, esigubungela iimfuno zokubethela idatha kunye nokukhuselwa kobuthathaka;
③ Imingcele Yokonga Amandla Okunyusa: IArgentina neChile ziya kuqalisa inkqubo yokulinganisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kancinci kancinci, kwaye iimveliso ezisebenzisa amandla aphantsi (inqanaba lesi-4 ukuya kwelesi-5) zinokujamelana nemiqathango yokungenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe;
④ Ulawulo Olunyukileyo: I-INMETRO yaseBrazil yandise ububanzi bayo bokuthatha iisampulu kwimarike, kuquka iimveliso ezivela kwiindlela zorhwebo ze-elektroniki phantsi kweliso eliphambili, nto leyo eyandisa izinga lokuthathwa kwesampulu ukuya kwi-15%.

Iingcebiso zokuthobela imithetho: Qala inkqubo yokuqinisekisa iinyanga ezi-6 kwangaphambili, ubeke phambili indlela yokuguqula ingxelo ye-CB ukuze kuncitshiswe iindleko zovavanyo; misela indlela yokuhlaziya ilebheli ukuze kuthintelwe iimpazamo zolwimi nolwazi; nika ingqalelo kuhlaziyo lwemigangatho yesizwe (njengoluhlu lwemigangatho yonyaka olupapashwe yi-IRAM) ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemveliso okuqhubekayo.

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