Amabwiriza agenga ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga n'ibisabwa mu kwemeza ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi ku isoko rya Amerika y'Epfo

Amabwiriza agenga ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga n'ibisabwa mu kwemeza ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi ku isoko rya Amerika y'Epfo

1. Sisitemu z’impamyabushobozi zisabwa mu masoko y’ibanze (Brezili/Ajentina/iyobowe na Megizike)

2. Ibisabwa by'ingenzi mu kugenzura umutekano w'amashanyarazi no guhuza amashanyarazi (EMC)

3. Uburyo bwo kwemeza no gutanga inyandiko za tekiniki

4. Ingingo z'ingenzi zo gushyira ibirango, gupakira, no kubahiriza aho ibintu biherereye

5. Ingaruka zisanzwe zo kubahiriza amategeko n'uburyo amategeko mashya agenderwaho mu 2025

I. Sisitemu z’impamyabushobozi zisabwa mu masoko y’ibanze (Brezili/Ajentina/iyobowe na Megizike)

Kubona isoko ry’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi muri Amerika y’Epfo bishingiye ku byangombwa by’ibi bihugu bitatu, birenga 90% by’isoko rusange ry’abaguzi. Ibicuruzwa bitabonye icyemezo bihura n’ifungwa rya gasutamo, amande, ndetse no kubuzwa isoko.

Icyemezo cya INMETRO cyo muri Brezili: Nk'imwe muri sisitemu zikomeye zo kwemeza ibikoresho muri Amerika y'Epfo, ikoreshwa ku bikoresho byose by'amashanyarazi bikoreshwa mu ntoki (imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi, Imashini yo gusya ingunis, imisumeno y'imigozi, nibindi), kandi ishingiye cyane cyane ku mahame ngenderwaho ya ABNT NBR IEC 60745. Impamyabushobozi isaba ubwishingizi mu ngero enye: umutekano w'amashanyarazi, imikorere ya mekanike, kugenzura urusaku n'imitingito, hamwe n'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu. Ibicuruzwa bigomba gutsinda ibizamini bya voltage (1000V-3000V mu munota 1), ibizamini byo kwirinda insulation (≥1MΩ), no kugenzura ko ubutaka bukomeza guhagarara. Ibicuruzwa byemewe bigomba kwerekana burundu ikirango cya INMETRO n'inomero ya certification, bifite uburebure bwa mm 5 nibura. Icyemezo kimara imyaka 1-5, bisaba gutangaza buri mwaka ko byemewe kugira ngo bikomeze kwemerwa.

Icyemezo cya IRAM cyo muri Arijantine: Hashyizweho ivugurura rikomeye mu 2025, hashyirwa ikimenyetso cy’umwimerere cy’icyemezo mu kimenyetso cy’umutekano cya "S-Mark", hasabwa ko hashyirwamo nimero y’umubiri w’icyemezo (urugero, IRAM1234). Iki cyemezo gikubiyemo umutekano w’amashanyarazi (IRAM 62490 series), uburinzi bwa mekanike (IRAM 62368-1), n’ubwuzuzanye bwa electromagnetic (IRAM 55022/55024). Ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bigezweho ubu bisaba kubahiriza amabwiriza y’umutekano w’ikoranabuhanga ya UN/ECE R155. By’umwihariko, amasosiyete atari ay’Arijantine agomba gushyiraho uhagarariye mu mategeko muri Arijantine (atanga nimero yo kwiyandikisha ya OAA) kugira ngo acunge itumanaho ry’ibyemezo no kwibutsa ibyabaye. Icyemezo cya NOM cyo muri Megizike: Hashingiwe ku gipimo cya NOM-024-SCFI-2013, gishyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza agenga imikorere y’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi, gikubiyemo ubwuzuzanye bw’amashanyarazi, uburinzi bw’amazi, n’ibisabwa kugabanya umuriro. Bitandukanye na Brezili na Arijantine, Megizike yemerera ibicuruzwa bifite raporo za IECEE CB kudakorerwa ibizamini bimwe na bimwe, ariko bisaba ibizamini by’inyongera ku itandukaniro ryo mu gace runaka.

Byongeye kandi, icyemezo cya SENCE cyo muri Chili n'icyemezo cya ICONTEC cyo muri Kolombiya, nubwo bifite ubwikorezi buciriritse, bisaba guhuza cyane n'ibipimo bya IEC kandi bigomba kuzuza ibisabwa kugira ngo bihuzwe n'amashanyarazi yo mu gace (220V/50Hz).

II. Ibisabwa by'ingenzi mu kugenzura umutekano w'amashanyarazi no guhuza amashanyarazi (EMC)

Ibihugu byo muri Amerika y'Epfo byibanda ku ngingo eshatu z'ingenzi ku igikoresho cy'amashanyarazi kubahiriza umutekano, kandi amahame avugururwa buri mwaka: Amabwiriza agenga umutekano w'amashanyarazi: Itegeko rimwe ni uko ibicuruzwa byubahirije amahame shingiro ya IEC 60745, ariko hari itandukaniro mu bihugu bitandukanye. Brezili ifite andi mahame asabwa ya ABNT NBR 14136, asaba imirongo ihoraho kandi yizewe yo gufunga no kurwanya umuvuduko w'amazi ku butaka wa ≤0.1Ω. Argentine ivuga neza ko ibikoresho byo gukingira bigomba gutsinda ikizamini cya IRAM 60730-1 cyo kudakoresha umuriro kandi bibuza ikoreshwa ry'ibice birimo asbestos cyangwa pulasitiki zimwe na zimwe. Megizike ishimangira umuvuduko w'ibikoresho birinda umuvuduko mwinshi, isaba ko uburyo bwo kuzimya umuriro bugomba gutangirwa mu masegonda 0.5 mu gihe habayeho umuvuduko muke.

Guhuza amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi (EMC): Muri Brezili na Argentine, byombi byashyize mu bikorwa ibizamini bya EMC mu rwego rwo kwemeza ko ari ngombwa. Brezili yemeje ibipimo ngenderwaho bya ABNT NBR IEC 61000, igerageza ibipimo 12 birimo imyuka ihumanya ikirere n'ubudahangarwa bwo gusohora amashanyarazi. Ibipimo ngenderwaho bya IRAM 55022/55024 byo muri Argentine birakomeye cyane, bisaba ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bigezweho kugira ngo byongere bigere ku cyemezo cya UN/ECE R155 cy'umutekano w'ikoranabuhanga (guhera muri Mutarama 2025) kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka zo gusohora amakuru. Amabwiriza yo Kubungabunga ibidukikije n'Ingufu: Ibipimo ngenderwaho bya ABNT NBR 15620 byo muri Brezili bingana n'amabwiriza ya EU RoHS, bigabanya ingano y'ibintu bitandatu bishobora guteza akaga, harimo lead na cadmium. Guhera muri 2024, ibisabwa mu kongera gukoresha ibirango bya batiri biziyongeraho. Argentine izashyira mu bikorwa ibipimo ngenderwaho bishya bya IRAM 62400:2025 mu 2025, isaba ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi kugira ibipimo ngenderwaho by'ingufu (urwego rwa 1-5). Ibicuruzwa byo ku rwego rwa 1 byujuje ibisabwa kugabanyirizwa imisoro y'ibitumizwa mu mahanga. Muri iki gihe, Megizike ntabwo itegeka icyemezo cyo gukoresha neza ingufu, ariko isaba ko itandukaniro riri hagati y’ingufu z’ibicuruzwa n’umusaruro nyawo ritarenga ± 10%.

III. Uburyo bwo kwemeza no gutanga inyandiko za tekiniki

Uburyo bwo gutanga icyemezo mu masoko akomeye yo muri Amerika y'Epfo bukurikiza icyitegererezo cy'ibice bitatu cyo "gupima + kugenzura + kugenzura," hamwe n'ukwezi kw'amezi 3-6. Gutegura igihe mbere y'igihe ni ngombwa:

1. Icyiciro cy'Itegurwa ry'Imbuto: Ibyiciro bitatu by'ingenzi by'inyandiko birakenewe: ① Inyandiko za tekiniki (imbonerahamwe y'imirongo, urutonde rw'ibice, ibitabo by'amabwiriza by'Icyesipanyoli/Igiporutugali; inyandiko z'Icyongereza zisaba ubuhinduzi bwa notari); ② Ingero z'igerageza (ibicuruzwa 3-5 byuzuye, harimo ibice by'ingenzi nka moteri na PCB, bisaba icyemezo cya UL/VDE); ③ Inyandiko za sisitemu yo gucunga ubuziranenge (icyemezo cya ISO 9001 cyangwa icyemezo cya IRAM 9001 cyo kubahiriza amategeko). Ni byiza gushyira imbere ingero z'ibicuruzwa byamaze kwemezwa na IECEE CB, bishobora kurekura 30%-50% by'ibipimo no kugabanya igihe cyo kwemezwa.

2. Icyiciro cyo gupima no kugenzura: Ingero zigomba koherezwa muri laboratwari yemewe yo mu gace kugira ngo zipimwe. Ibintu by'ingenzi byo gupima birimo: umutekano w'amashanyarazi (wihanganira amashanyarazi, uburinzi bw'ubushyuhe, gukomeza guhagarara kw'ubutaka), imikorere ya mekanike (iramba, ikizamini cyo kumanuka), EMC (imyuka ihumanya ikirere, ubudahangarwa), n'urusaku n'ihindagurika (Brezili isaba urusaku ≤85dB n'ihindagurika ≤2.5m/s²). Mu cyiciro cyo gupima, INMETRO yo muri Brezili na IRAM yo muri Arijantine bashobora gukora igenzura ryihariye ry'inganda kugira ngo barebe ko inzira zo gukora n'inyandiko za tekiniki zihamye. Icyemezo cya NOM cya Megizike ubu ntigitegeka igenzura ry'inganda ariko gifite uburenganzira bwo gukora igenzura ryihariye.

3. Icyiciro cyo kubungabunga icyemezo: Icyemezo kimara imyaka 1-5 (INMETRO yo muri Brezili ifite igihe ntarengwa cy'imyaka 5, naho IRAM yo muri Arijantine ifite imyaka 5). Itangazo ry’umwaka ryerekana ko ibicuruzwa bihuye n’amategeko n’amafaranga y’umwaka (hafi amadolari 1200 ku mwaka muri Arijantine) birakenewe. Ku bijyanye no kugenzura isoko, INMETRO yo muri Brezili ikora igenzura ryihariye buri gihembwe; ibicuruzwa bitujuje ibisabwa bisubizwa inyuma ndetse bikanacibwa amande agera ku madolari 100.000. Arijantine izashyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo kugenzura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga mu 2025, yongera inshuro zo kugenzura kugeza kuri rimwe mu mezi atandatu. Ibisabwa byihariye: Amasosiyete atari ayo muri Amerika y'Epfo agomba gushyiraho uhagarariye mu mategeko wo mu gace (Brezili isaba nimero yo kwiyandikisha ya CNPJ, Arijantine isaba nimero yo kwiyandikisha ya OAA) kugira ngo ashinzwe gutangaza icyemezo, gucunga ibyabaye, no gushyira mu bikorwa ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’itangwa ry’icyemezo. Ubusabe budafite uhagarariye wo mu gace buzangwa burundu.

IV. Gushyira ibirango, gupakira, no kubahiriza aho ibintu biherereye Ingingo z'ingenzi zo kubahiriza

Gushyira ibirango no kubahiriza amategeko yo gupakira ni ingenzi mu kwemererwa gutumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga muri Amerika y'Epfo. 60% by'ibicuruzwa bisubijwe bituruka ku makosa yo gushyira ibirango. Ibi bikurikira bigomba kwitabwaho:

Ibikubiye mu kirango cy’ingenzi: Bigomba kuba birimo ① Ibimenyetso by’impamyabumenyi (ikimenyetso cya INMETRO/S-Ikimenyetso/NOM + inomero y’impamyabumenyi, uburebure bw’inyuguti ≥ 5mm); ② Amakuru y’ibicuruzwa (ikirango, icyitegererezo, amashanyarazi/ingufu, itariki yo gukorerwaho); ③ Ibiburira ku mutekano (mu cyesipanyoli/igiporutugali, nka "Ntibikoreshwa n’abana bato" cyangwa "Kwambara ibikoresho birinda"); ④ Ikimenyetso cy’igihugu cyaturutsemo (cyumvikana neza ko "Byakozwe muri XX"). Brezili kandi isaba ikirango cyo kongera gukoresha batiri (niba harimo batiri za lithium), kandi Argentine isaba ikirango cy’impamyabushobozi zo gukoresha ingufu neza. Ibisobanuro byo gupakira: Gupakira bidahumeka kandi bidakomeretsa birakenewe kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika kw’ibicuruzwa mu gihe cyo gutwara no kudakora igenzura. Gupakira bigomba gushyira amakuru ajyanye n’ikimenyetso cy’ibicuruzwa, kandi ibikoresho bikozwe mu bimera biri mu kaga birabujijwe (urugero, gupakira ibiti bitukura birabujijwe muri Brezili). Megizike isaba ko izina ry’umutumiza n’aderesi by’umucuruzi bigaragazwa neza ku gipfunyika, mu gihe Argentine isaba ko amakuru y’umukozi wo mu gace utuyemo atangwa.

Ibisobanuro by'aho ukoresha: Ku bijyanye n'ururimi, Igiporutugali kirakenewe ku isoko rya Brezili, mu gihe Icyesipanyoli gikenewe muri Arijantine, Megizike na Shili. Gushyira ibimenyetso mu ndimi ebyiri bishobora kugabanya ibyago byo kubahiriza amategeko. Guhuza ingufu z'amashanyarazi bigomba kubahiriza amahame y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi yo mu gace ukoresha (220V/50Hz ni rusange muri Amerika y'Epfo; wirinde ibicuruzwa byagenewe Amerika y'Amajyaruguru 110V). Ubwoko bw'amaplagi bugomba kuba buhuye (Brezili ikoresha NBR 14136 three-pin plug, Arijantine ikoresha IRAM 2063/2073 standard plug).

V. Ingaruka rusange zo kubahiriza amategeko n'uburyo amabwiriza mashya agenderwaho mu 2025

Ingaruka zo kubahiriza amategeko inshuro nyinshi:
① Amakosa yo gushyira ku rutonde (kudakoresha ururimi rw'aho, kubura inomero y'impamyabumenyi, uburebure bw'inyuguti budahagije), iyi ni yo mpamvu y'ibanze yo kugaruka kwa Arijantine;
② Kutubahiriza umutekano w'amashanyarazi (ubudahangarwa buhagije bw'ibikoresho byo gukingira umuriro, amakosa y'imirongo yo hasi), bingana na 70% by'ibizamini byananiranye muri Brezili;
③ Kutubahiriza amabwiriza y’ibikoresho (harimo asbestos, plasticizers nyinshi), bizatuma abantu banze gukoresha ibikoresho byabo kandi bigashyirwa ku rutonde rw’abatabifite ku isoko;
④ Kudavugurura icyemezo ku gihe (kunanirwa kongera kwemeza nyuma y'impinduka mu miterere y'ibicuruzwa), guhanirwa ibihano byo kugenzura isoko.

Amabwiriza Mashya yo mu 2025
① Guhuza no Kuvugurura Impamyabumenyi: IRAM yo muri Argentine yarangije guhuza ikirango cyayo (S-Mark), yoroshya inzira yo gutanga impamyabushobozi no kugabanya igihe cyo kugenzura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga kugeza ku byumweru 4-6 (kuva ku byumweru 8);
② Kwagura umutekano w'ikoranabuhanga: Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bigezweho bigomba kwemeza icyemezo cya UN/ECE R155 cy'umutekano w'ikoranabuhanga, gikubiyemo ibisabwa mu gukingira amakuru no kurinda ibibazo by'ihungabana;
③ Ingufu zo kongera ubushobozi bwo gukoresha neza ingufu: Arijantine na Shili bizashyira mu bikorwa gahunda yo gupima ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ingufu neza, kandi ibicuruzwa bidakoresha ingufu nyinshi (urwego rwa 4-5) bishobora guhura n'imbogamizi zo gutumiza mu mahanga;
④ Kongera Ubugenzuzi: INMETRO yo muri Brezili yongereye amasoko yayo, harimo n'ibicuruzwa biva mu nzira z'ubucuruzi bwo kuri interineti bigenzurwa n'inzego zibishinzwe, byongera igipimo cyo gupima kugeza kuri 15%.

Inama zo kubahiriza amategeko: Tangira gahunda yo gutanga icyemezo amezi 6 mbere y’uko bitangira, ushyire imbere inzira yo guhindura raporo ya CB kugira ngo ugabanye ikiguzi cyo gupima; shyiraho uburyo bwo gusuzuma ibirango kugira ngo wirinde amakosa y’ururimi n’amakuru; witondere amakuru avuguruye ku mahame y’igihugu (nk’urutonde rw’amabwiriza ngarukamwaka rutangazwa na IRAM) kugira ngo ukomeze kubahiriza amabwiriza y’ibicuruzwa.

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