Izindinganiso Ezintsha Zokusebenzisa Amandla Zango-2026 Ezithinta Imakethe Yamathuluzi Amandla e-Euro

Imithetho Emisha Yemakethe Yamathuluzi Kagesi YaseYurophu: Umthelela Wokuthuthukiswa Kwezinga Lokusebenza Kahle Kwamandla lika-2026 kuma-oda Athengiswa Ngobuningi

Ukubala phansi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-EU ngo-2026 ithuluzi lamandla amazinga okusebenza kahle kwamandla aseqalile. Njengemakethe eyinhloko yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamathuluzi kagesi emhlabeni jikelele, ukubuyekezwa kwe-EU kwe-ErP Directive (Ecodesign of Energy-related Products) ngeke kulungise kuphela imininingwane yobuchwepheshe bomkhiqizo kodwa kuzophinde kubumbe kabusha umqondo wokuhweba ngobuningi wochungechunge lonke lwemboni.

I. Ukunquma Imithethonqubo Emisha: Izinguquko Eziyinhloko kanye Nemingcele Yokuthobela Umthetho Yokuthuthukiswa Kokusetshenziswa Kahle Kwamandla ka-2026

Selokhu kwasetshenziswa i-ErP Directive ngo-2005, i-EU isiqede ukubuyekezwa okuningi. Isichibiyelo sika-2023 (i-EU) No. 2023/1791 sandisa kakhulu amathuluzi kagesi emkhakheni wokuqapha okubalulekile kokulawula futhi sacacisa ukusetshenziswa kwesigaba sesibili sezindinganiso eziqinisiwe ngo-2026. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kudlula nje ukuphakamisa izidingo zezinombolo; kunalokho, kusungula uhlelo "lokuphathwa kokusebenza kahle kwamandla okugcwele komjikelezo wokuphila". Izinguquko ezibalulekile zigxile ezicini ezintathu:

1. Ukuqinisa Okubili Izinkomba Zokusebenzisa Amandla Kahle
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindinganiso zesigaba sokuqala ngo-2025, imithethonqubo emisha ka-2026 yaqinisa ngokuhlelekile izinkomba zokusebenza kahle kwamandla eziyinhloko zamathuluzi kagesi. Ngokuphathelene nokusebenza kahle kwezimoto, isidingo esincane sokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamathuluzi kagesi asezingeni lezimboni sinyusiwe kusuka ku-82% kuya ku-88%, kuyilapho ngamathuluzi angenazintambo aphathwayo, sinyusiwe kusuka ku-78% kuya ku-85%. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-motor endabuko anesilonda sochungechunge azothathelwa indawo kancane kancane ngama-motor ahlala njalo ahambisanayo amagnetic. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okulindile kuqinisiwe, ngamathuluzi anezintambo ancishisiwe kusuka ku-0.5W kuya ku-0.15W, kanye namathuluzi angenazintambo avale ku-0.05W ngesikhathi sokulala. Leli zinga lifana nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle okwenziwe ngaphambilini ezibanini ze-LED.

2. Ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile okuphelele
Indinganiso yangaphambilini igxile kuphela ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla ngesikhathi sesigaba sokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo, kuyilapho imithethonqubo emisha ka-2026 inweba ukuhlolwa kuyo yonke inkathi yokuphila komkhiqizo: ukukhiqizwa, ukuthuthwa, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha. Izinkampani kudingeka zithumele imibiko yezinyathelo zekhabhoni yomkhiqizo, okubonisa ukuthi ukukhishwa okuvela kuyo yonke inqubo kusukela ekukhishweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kuya ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kokuphela kokuphila kuhlangabezana nezidingo ze-EU CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism). Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuqukethwe okusetshenziswe kabusha kwezingxenye zepulasitiki akumele kube ngaphansi kuka-30%, futhi izinga lokusetshenziswa kabusha lilonke kumele lidlule u-85%. Kumathuluzi angenazintambo, indinganiso yokuhlola impilo yomjikelezo webhethri iphakanyisiwe kusukela emijikelezweni yokushaja nokukhipha engu-500 kuya emijikelezweni eyi-1,000, futhi kudingeka amakhono okuphatha amandla ahlakaniphile.

3. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwedijithali Kokugadwa Kokuthobela Imithetho
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokulawula, i-EU idinga ukuthi kusukela ngo-2026, yonke idatha yokuthobela imithetho kumele ilayishwe ngesikhathi sangempela nge-"Product Compliance Database" (EPAC), okuhlanganisa ulwazi oluyisisekelo njengemibiko yokuhlola, idatha yokusetshenziswa kahle kwamandla, kanye nokubalwa kwe-carbon footprint. Ukulandelelwa kumele kuqinisekiswe ngobuchwepheshe be-blockchain. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkampani akumelwe zihlangabezane nezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe kuphela kodwa futhi zisungule uhlelo lokuphatha ukuthobela imithetho lwedijithali; ngaphandle kwalokho, zibeka engcupheni yokulibaziseka kokufaka noma ukwehluleka kokubuyekeza.

II. Imiphumela Emine Eyinhloko Kuma-oda Athengiswa Ngobuningi: Ukuhlelwa Kabusha Okuphelele Kusukela Kumjikelezo Kuya Esakhiweni

Umthelela wezindinganiso zokusebenzisa kahle amandla ezithuthukisiwe ekuhwebeni ngobuningi udlulela ngale kobubanzi bokudlulisela izindleko obubodwa. Esikhundleni salokho, kubangela izinguquko ezinkulu emijikelezweni yokuhleleka, umqondo wamanani, isakhiwo somkhiqizo, ngisho nobambiswano ngokusebenzisa izinguquko zokuziphatha kokubili ohlangothini lokuhlinzeka kanye nolwesidingo.

1. Umphumela "Wokuguquguquka Kwezimo Ezimbili" Womjikelezo Wokuhleleka

Ngokwezindlela zomlando zokusetshenziswa kwemithetho ye-EU, kuvame ukuba nokushesha kokufaka amazinga amasha okusebenzisa kahle amandla ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ngaphambi kokuthuthukiswa, kulandelwe "isikhathi sokuzivumelanisa nezimo" kanye nezinyanga eziyi-6-9 ngemuva kokuthuthukiswa, okudala ukuguquguquka okuvamile kwe-bimodal. Lapho i-EU isebenzisa imithetho emisha yokusetshenziswa kwamandla okulindile ngoMeyi 2025, ama-oda athengiswa ngobuningi emikhiqizo efana nama-router e-Wi-Fi abona ukwanda okungu-47% ngenyanga. Kodwa-ke, ama-oda ehle ngo-32% ezinyangeni ezimbili ngemuva kokuqaliswa kwemithetho emisha. Ithuluzi lamandla Imboni kulindeleke ukuthi iphinde le ndlela: kusukela ekupheleni kuka-2025 kuya ekuqaleni kuka-2026, abathengisi bezimpahla baseYurophu bangase bagcine kusengaphambili impahla ehambisana nezindinganiso ezindala, okuholela ekukhuleni kwesikhashana kwama-oda. Kodwa-ke, kusukela kwikota yesibili ka-2026, ama-oda angase abhekane nokwehla kwesikhashana ngenxa yokushoda kwemikhiqizo ehambisana nezindinganiso kanye nengcindezi yokususa impahla ehambisana nezindinganiso ezindala.

2. Ukuhlela Kabusha Ukudluliselwa Kwezindleko Kwezinhlelo Zamanani

Ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kukhulisa ngqo izindleko zokukhiqiza, ngaleyo ndlela kushintshe umqondo wamanani entengo ethengiswa ngobuningi. Ngokombono weketanga lokuphakelwa, izindleko zokuthengwa kwamamotha ahambisanayo ahlala njalo angama-magnet ziphakeme ngo-15%-20% kunezimotha zendabuko. Imiklamo yesekethe enamandla aphansi ehambisana nemithetho emisha ikhulisa izindleko ze-R&D ngaphezu kuka-25%. Uma kuhlanganiswa nezindleko ezengeziwe zokuhlolwa kwe-carbon footprint kanye nokuphathwa kwedatha ye-EPAC, izindleko zizonke zethuluzi elilodwa lamandla zizokhuphuka ngo-12%-18%. Lokhu kucindezela kwezindleko kuzodluliselwa ngeketanga lokuphakelwa ngobuningi: ngakolunye uhlangothi, abathumeli bazophoqeleka ukukhulisa amanani okunikezwa, okuholela ezindleleni zokuthengwa eziphezulu kubathengisi ngobuningi; ngakolunye uhlangothi, abathengisi ngobuningi, ukuze balondoloze inzuzo, bangadlulisela ku-30%-50% walokhu kunyuka kwezindleko kubathengisi bokugcina, ekugcineni kuthinte isidingo semakethe.

3. Ukulungiswa Kwesakhiwo Somkhiqizo: "Ukususa Ababuthakathaka, Ukugcina Abanamandla"

Imithethonqubo emisha izosheshisa ukususwa kwemikhiqizo engasebenzi kahle emakethe futhi iqhube ama-oda athengiswa ngobuningi aye ezigabeni ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Njengamanje, cishe amathuluzi kagesi aphathwayo angama-35% emakethe yaseYurophu asasebenzisa ama-motor ahlangabezana nezinga elidala, futhi ukuthengiswa kwale mikhiqizo kuzovinjelwa ngemuva kuka-2026. Ngakho-ke, imikhiqizo ephezulu enokulawulwa kwamandla okuhlakaniphile, amabhethri ahlala isikhathi eside, kanye nemiklamo engasetshenziswa kabusha izoba yinto eyinhloko yama-oda athengiswa ngobuningi. Ngokombono wesigaba, ngenxa yezidingo eziqinile zokusetshenziswa kwamandla okulinda, isabelo sama-oda amathuluzi kagesi angasetshenziswa kabusha cishe sizokhula sisuka ku-58% siye ku-75%. Phakathi kwamathuluzi anezintambo, imikhiqizo enamandla aphezulu kuphela yezinga lezimboni ezogcina isidingo esizinzile.

4. Ukujulisa Ukuhambisana Nemithetho Ebambisene

Indlela yokusebenzisana phakathi kwabathengisi bezimpahla eziningi kanye nabaphakeli izoshintsha kusukela ekuqhutshweni yintengo iye ekuqhutshweni kokuthobela imithetho kuqala. Abathengisi bezinto zokwakha abakhulu baseYurophu abanjengo-Obi noBauhaus sebeqalile ukufuna abaphakeli ukuthi banikeze isitifiketi sangaphambi kokuthobela imithetho sango-2026, okuhlanganisa imibiko yokuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nemibhalo yokubalwa kwe-carbon footprint ekhishwe yizinhlangano zokuhlola ezivela eceleni. Abanye abathengisi bezimpahla eziningi bafake ngisho nezigaba zokuthobela imithetho ezinkontilekeni zesikhathi eside, bebeka ukuthi abaphakeli bazothwala izindleko zokubuyiselwa kwempahla uma imikhiqizo yehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso. Lobu budlelwano obubophayo budala isithiyo esiqinile sokungena kwabathumeli bezimpahla abancane nabaphakathi, kuyilapho imikhiqizo enekhono lokufeza ukuthobela imithetho ngaphambi kokusebenzisa imithetho izothola ama-oda engeziwe.

III. Impendulo Enezindlela Ezimbili: Isixazululo Sabaphakeli Nabathengisi Abathengisa Ngobuningi

Njengoba bebhekene nokuhlelwa kabusha kwe-oda okubangelwe yimithethonqubo emisha ka-2026, abathumeli bamathuluzi kagesi kanye nabathengisi bezitolo baseYurophu badinga ukusungula indlela yokusabela ehlelekile, beshintsha kusukela ekulandeleni okungenamsebenzi baye ekuhleleni okusebenzayo.

1. Abathumeli: Bancintisana Ngokubusa I-oda Ngamakhono Okuthobela Imithetho

Ubuchwepheshe Bangaphambi Kocwaningo Nokuthuthukiswa: Beka phambili izinsiza ze-R&D zobuchwepheshe obuyinhloko njengezinjini ezihambisanayo zama-magnet ezihlala njalo, amasekethe anamandla aphansi, kanye nezingxenye zepulasitiki eziphinde zasetshenziswa. Bambisana namanyuvesi noma izikhungo zocwaningo ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, uqedele ukuphindaphinda komkhiqizo izinyanga ezingu-6-8 kusengaphambili ukuze ugweme ukulahleka kwamafasitela oku-oda ngenxa yokubambezeleka kokuhlolwa kanye nokuqinisekiswa.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kochungechunge Lokuphakelwa Okuluhlaza: Khetha abahlinzeki bezinto zokusetshenziswa ezineziqinisekiso zemvelo, sungula izinhlelo zokulawula ukukhishwa kwe-VOC kanye nokuvuselela imfucuza eqinile, futhi unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ekukhiqizeni ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-10, ngaleyo ndlela uhlangabezane nezidingo ze-carbon footprint futhi unciphise izindleko zokuthobela imithetho.
Yenza Izinqubo Zokuthobela Imithetho Zibe Ngedijithali: Xhuma kusizindalwazi se-EU EPAC kusengaphambili, sungula uhlelo oluzenzakalelayo lokulayisha idatha yokuhlola umkhiqizo, futhi ubambisane nezinhlangano ezifana ne-SGS ne-TÜV ukuze kusungulwe indlela esheshayo kusukela ekuhlolweni kuya ekuqinisekisweni kuya ekumenyezelweni, kunciphisa umjikelezo wokuthobela imithetho kusukela ezinyangeni ezi-3 kuya ngaphansi kwezinsuku ezingama-45. Ukuxhumana kwe-oda kusengaphambili: Nikeza abathengisi ngobuningi umbiko othi "Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezindleko Zokuthobela Imithetho + Ukubalwa Kwenzuzo Yokusebenza Kahle Kwamandla". Le datha ikhombisa ukuthi yize intengo yokuthenga yemikhiqizo esebenza kahle kakhulu ingakhuphuka ngo-5%-8%, abasebenzisi bokugcina bangonga ngaphezu kuka-20% ezindleleni zabo zikagesi zonyaka, kusize abathengisi ngobuningi bakhe ukuzethemba emananini.

2. Abathengisi bezimpahla ngobuningi baseYurophu: Nciphisa izingozi ngokuphathwa kwempahla kanye nezigaba.

Ukuhlela ukususwa kwempahla ekhona: Yakha uhlelo lokususwa kwempahla olunezigaba zemikhiqizo ekhona ngaphansi kwendinganiso endala, oluhlose ukuqedela u-70% wempahla ekhona ekupheleni kuka-2025. Khuthaza ukuthengiswa ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yemikhiqizo engathengiswanga, ngenkathi kugcinwa u-30% wendawo yokugcina impahla yemikhiqizo emisha ngaphansi kwendinganiso entsha.

Ukuhlelwa nokuhlolwa kwabahlinzeki: Sungula "Uhlelo Lokulinganisa Amandla Okuhambisana" ukuze kubekwe abahlinzeki ezingeni ngokusekelwe ezinqolobaneni zobuchwepheshe, inqubekela phambili yesitifiketi, kanye ne-carbon footprint. Beka phambili izinkontileka zesikhathi eside nezinkampani eziphezulu ezingama-30% ezilinganisiwe ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokuphazamiseka kokunikezwa. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwesakhiwo Sesigaba: Gxila ekwandiseni ukuthengwa kwemikhiqizo esebenza kahle kakhulu njengemishini yokuzivocavoca engenantambo kanye ne-brushless Isigayo se-Angles. Le mikhiqizo kulindeleke ukuthi ithole iphrimiyamu engu-15%-20% ekupheleni konyaka ngemuva kuka-2026. Nciphisa isabelo sama-oda amathuluzi anezintambo angasebenzi kahle futhi ushintshe izinsiza ziye emikhiqizweni esezingeni lobuchwepheshe.

IV. Umkhuba Wesikhathi Eside: Ukusebenza Kahle Kwamandla Kuba Ukuncintisana Okuyinhloko Ekuhweba Ngobuningi

Ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kahle kwamandla ngo-2026 akuyona inqubomgomo eyingqayizivele, kodwa yingxenye ebalulekile yomgomo we-EU wokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ka-2050. Isikhathi eside, ithuluzi lamandla elithengiswa ngobuningi ukuhweba kuzobonisa izitayela ezintathu ezinkulu: Okokuqala, amalebula okusebenzisa amandla kahle azoba yisici esiyinhloko ezinqumweni zoku-oda, kanye ne-premium yokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo enesilinganiso se-A+++ ezinzile ngaphezu kwama-20%. Okwesibili, imikhiqizo ehlanganisa "ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nobuhlakani" izothandwa kakhulu, ngemikhiqizo equkethe ukulawulwa komthwalo oguquguqukayo ebalelwa ngaphezu kwama-60% wama-oda aphezulu. Okwesithathu, amakhono ochungechunge lokuphakelwa okuluhlaza azoba yimfuneko ebalulekile yokubambisana, nezinkampani ezinganikeza ubufakazi bokuthobela imithetho yempilo yonke zibusa iziteshi ezijwayelekile zokuthengisa ngobuningi.