Kua piki haere te tono mō ngā taputapu hiko o Āhia ki te Tonga-Rawhiti: Ngā kaupapa matua mō te urunga atu ki te mākete rarawe i Vietnam me Indonesia

Te Piki Ake o te Tono mō ngā Utauta Hiko o Āhia ki te Tonga-Rawhiti: Ngā Kaupapa Matua mō te Whakauru ki ngā Mākete Hokomaha o Vietnam me Indonesia

Ahakoa te ao whānui taputapu hiko Kei te āta pōturi haere te tipu o te mākete ki te toharite o te 4.6%, kei te puta ake te mākete o te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia hei whai wāhitanga koura hou, he nui ake i te tipu o te ao. Ko Vietnam me Indonesia, e akiakihia ana e te riri e toru o te whakawhānui hanganga, te pikinga ake o te rāngai hanga, me te tere o te noho tāone, koia ngā tino kaiārahi o tēnei pikinga tono. Mō ngā kaihoko ngaio o te ao, ko te mārama ki te ariā o te urunga ki ēnei mākete e rua ehara i te mea ka āwhina i a rātou ki te hopu i te tipu piki haere engari ka hanga hoki i ngā painga whakataetae mō te wā roa. Ka tātarihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā kaupapa matua me ngā rautaki mahi mō te urunga ki ngā mākete rarawe o ēnei whenua e rua, me te arotahi ki ngā whai wāhitanga mākete.

I. I te Pō o te Pahūtanga: Te Arorau Tipu me ngā Āhuatanga o te Tono o ngā Mākete o Vietnam me Indonesia

Ehara i te mea tūpono te pahūtanga o te mākete taputapu hiko o te Tonga-Rawhiti o Āhia; he hua tonu tēnei o te ekenga ki tētahi taumata whanaketanga ōhanga. Ahakoa kei te tere te tipu o Vietnam me Indonesia, he rerekē rawa ngā hanganga tono me ngā āhuatanga o te mākete. Ko te mārama tika ki ēnei rerekētanga he mea nui mō te urunga angitu.

(I) Whitināmu: He Moana Kahurangi o te Hiahia Taumata-Ahumahi i Hangaia e te Nekehanga Hanga
Kua riro a Whitināmu hei wāhi matua mō te nekenga o ngā mahi hangahanga o te ao. Nā te tere o te horapa o te Rōpū Ahumahi o te Raki me te Rohe Ōhanga o te Red River Delta kua piki ake te hiahia mō ngā taputapu hiko ā-ahumahi ki te tere tipu ā-tau neke atu i te 18%. E rua ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te mākete:
Te whakawhirinaki nui ki ngā taonga kawemai: Ka taea e te kaha whakaputa ā-rohe te whakatutuki i te 40% anake o te hiahia mō ngā taputapu o te whare, engari ko ngā taputapu ā-ahumahi he mea kawemai tata katoa. I te tau 2024, ko ngā hua hikohiko te 55% o ngā taonga kawemai a Vietnam mai i Haina, ā, ko ngā taputapu hiko te 15%. Mā te whakamahi i ōna painga utu, i puritia e Haina te 58% o te mākete, ā, koia te puna nui rawa atu o ngā taonga kawemai a Vietnam.
Hanganga tono mārama: Ngā kaihoroi pēhanga teitei, ngā wiri, ngā tīwiri, me ngā ngā taputapu Kei te tihi tonu o ngā rārangi hokohoko tino hokohoko i runga i ngā papaaho hokohoko ipurangi. I roto i ngā kaupapa hanga whare papai i te Tāone o Ho Chi Minh, kua piki ake te hoko taputapu hiko tautoko mā te 30% ia tau. Kei te whakahaerehia tonutia te mākete ahumahi e ngā waitohu pēnei i a Bosch me Makita, engari kei te tere te uru atu o ngā hua Hainamana he tino pai te utu.

(II) Initonīhia: He mākete e akiakihia ana e te pikinga o te hanganga hanganga, e kitea ana te tipu puta noa i ngā kāwai hua katoa
Hei whenua tino taupori o Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti, ko ngā mahere whakawhanake hanganga o Initonīhia me te tono mō ngā whakapainga hanga kei te akiaki i te whānui tonu o te mākete taputapu hiko. He mea whakamiharo hoki ngā āhuatanga o te mākete:

Te Kaha o te Tipu: Mai i te Rerewe Tere o Jakarta-Bandung ki te hanganga o te tāone nui hou, kua piki ake te hiahia mō ngā taputapu whakarewa hiko, ngā mīhini tapahi, me ētahi atu taputapu hangarau nā ngā kaupapa hanganga nui. Kua rongonui ngā mīhini horoi pēhanga teitei mō te whakamahi kāinga me te arumoni. Ahakoa kei te kaha tonu te hiahia mō ngā taputapu lithium-ion, kua whakaroahia te whakawhiti e ngā herenga hangarau.

Te Kukū o te Hongere Teitei: Neke atu i te 90% o ngā tauhokohoko rarawe e kukū ana ki ngā mākete motuhake. Ko te LTC Glodok i Jakarta, te pokapū tohatoha taputapu me ngā taputapu hiko nui rawa atu o Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti, e 70% o te tono hokohoko ahumahi o te whenua. Ko ngā kaituku matua pērā i a PT. Indah Jaya e whakahaere ana i ngā hongere tohatoha matua mā roto i tētahi whatunga e horapa ana i te 25 tāone.

II. Te Matua Uru: Ngā Paepae Whakatutukitanga me ngā Kaupapa Matua Whaihua mō te Mākete o Vietnam

Ko te pūnaha urunga mākete o Whitināmu e aro ana ki te tiwhikete CR. I te whakakotahitanga me ngā manakohanga taripa RCEP me te whakatinanatanga o ngā hongere ā-rohe, ka hangaia he anga urunga maha-taumata. Mō ngā kaihoko o te ao, he mea nui te wikitoria i ngā arai matua e toru: te tiwhikete, ngā taripa, me ngā hongere.

(I) Tiwhikete Āwhina: Ko te Tohu CR he "Uruwhenua" mō te Whakakorenga Taake

Mai i te whakatinanatanga o te paerewa hou QCVN 4:2023 i te tau 2024, kua noho hei mea whakahau te tiwhikete CR (Whakahaere Tiwhikete) mō ngā taputapu hiko ki te tomo ki te mākete. Ka tūpono ngā hua kāore i whakamanahia ki ngā arai ā-ture me ngā aukati mākete. Ko ōna whakaritenga matua ko:

Te Whānuitanga me ngā Paerewa Tiwhikete: Ka kapi i ngā taputapu hiko ringaringa katoa me ngā taputapu taumata ahumahi. Ka whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau i runga anō i te paerewa ā-motu TCVN (he rite ki te raupapa IEC 60745). Ko ngā here hototahi hikohiko (EMC) he 15dB te kaha ake i ērā mō ngā taputapu whare. Me tutuki hoki i ngā taputapu utu ahokore ngā here whakaaturanga ā-papa aukume hou.
Te Tukanga Tono me te Utu: Me tuku ngā tono mā roto i ngā whakahaere whaimana o Vietnam pēnei i a QUACERT me SGS. Kei roto i te tukanga te tuku tuhinga hangarau (tae atu ki te rārangi o ngā wāhanga matua me te tiwhikete ISO 9001), te whakamātautau tauira (2-4 wiki), me te tirotiro wheketere (mō ngā hua mōrearea nui). Ko te utu katoa he tata ki te US$5,000-15,000, ā, e toru tau te mana o te tiwhikete.

Tuhipoka Matua: Me whakatū e ngā kamupene ehara i te iwi o Vietnam tētahi kaihoko ā-rohe hei āwhina i te tono. Me whakarato ngā tuhinga hangarau katoa i te reo Vietnamese me te reo Ingarihi, ā, me whakauru te reo Vietnamese ki ngā tapanga whakatūpato hua. Ki te kore e paahitia te whakamātautau, me tirotirohia anō i muri i te whakatikatika. E taunakihia ana kia rua marama te roa o te wā whakatā.

(II) Ngā Taripa me te Whakawātea Taake: Ngā Huarahi Whakapaipai Utu i raro i te Anga RCEP

Kua whakatinanahia e Whitināmu ngā whakahekenga utu nui mō ngā taputapu hiko i raro i te anga RCEP, e whakarato ana i ngā whai wāhitanga whakapai ake i ngā utu mō ngā kaihoko o te ao:
Ngā Reiti Taripa: Ko te reiti whenua tino pai mō ngā taputapu hiko ringaringa (waehere HS 8467299000) he 8%, ā, ko te reiti paerewa he 30%. Ka taea e ngā whenua mema o te RCEP te whiwhi i ētahi atu whakahekenga me ngā whakawāteatanga me ngā tiwhikete takenga mai, ā, kua whiwhi kē ētahi kāwai i te kore taripa.
Te Hanganga Taake: Haunga ngā taripa, me utu he taake uara tāpiri (VAT) 10%, ā, kāore he taake kai e hiahiatia ana. Me tuku mai ngā tuhinga pēnei i te tiwhikete takenga mai, te nama hokohoko, me te rārangi tākai mō te whakawātea i ngā tikanga. Me whakamana ngā tuhinga katoa e te notary public o Vietnam.
Tohutohu Whakawātea Taake: Me whakapuaki motuhake ngā taputapu pākahiko lithium, me whakarato hoki i tētahi tiwhikete whakarōpūtanga UN3481/UN3171 me tētahi tiwhikete takai taonga kino. He mea pai kia whiriwhiria ngā tauranga pokapū pērā i te Tauranga o Ho Chi Minh, o Hai Phong rānei hei whakapoto i ngā wā whakawātea taake ki te 3-5 ngā rā pakihi.

(3) Ngā Hongere Tohatoha: Arotahi ki ngā Mākete Matua me ngā Tūāpapa Ngaio

Ko te mākete rarawe o Whitināmu e tohuhia ana e te hanganga "tonga kaha, raki whai rawa", e hiahia ana kia tika te tūnga o te hongere:
Ngā Mākete Hokomaha Matua: E 60% o ngā hokohoko hokomaha o te whenua e whakahaerehia ana e te Tāone o Ho Chi Minh. He rau ngā kaihoko o tana mākete hokomaha taputapu me ngā taputapu iti, e tuku ana i te whānuitanga o ngā hua, mai i ngā taputapu o te whare ki ngā taputapu ahumahi. Ko te Mākete Lao Miao o Hanoi te pokapū tohatoha matua i te raki, e arotahi ana ki ngā taputapu whakarewa me ngā taputapu mahi whakarewa.
Te Whakataurite Whai Hua: Ko te whai wāhi atu ki te Whakaaturanga Hangarau Hanga Ahumahi me ngā Rauemi o te Ao o Vietnam (VINAMAC) he huarahi matua ki te uru atu ki ngā kaituku kounga teitei. Neke atu i te 200 ngā kaiwhakaatu o te ao me ngā tekau mano o ngā kaihoko ngaio e kukume ana i te whakaaturanga i ia tau. Mā te mahi tahi me ngā kaituku Hainamana o te rohe ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero; tata ki te 30% o te mākete te nui o ēnei kaituku.
Whakaurunga Ipurangi me te Tuimotu: Ko ngā kaiwhakarato matua kua whakatū i ngā hongere ipurangi. Ka taea te whakatū hononga tuatahi mā roto i ngā tūāpapa B2B ā-rohe, ā, mā ngā haerenga kanohi ki te kanohi ki ngā wheketere ka taea te whakapakari ake i te whakawhirinaki mahi tahi.

III. Te Urunga Matua ki te Mākete: Ngā Ārai Whakatutukitanga me ngā Rautaki Whakawhanake i te Mākete Initonīhia

Ko te mākete Initonīhia he pūnaha tiwhikete SNI tino pakari me te pūnaha hongere matatini. Me whai taurite te tukanga whakauru i waenga i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga hangarau me ngā āheinga whakahaere ā-rohe.

(I) Tiwhikete Takirua: Te Ārai Hangarau i Hangaia e SNI me K3L
E rua ngā tiwhikete ā-ture e whakatinanahia ana e Initonīhia mō ngā taputapu hiko. He mea nui ngā mea e rua, ā, ko te huringa tiwhikete me ngā whakaritenga hangarau kei roto i ngā mea teitei rawa atu i te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia:

Ngā Whakaritenga Matua o te Tiwhikete SNI: Hei paerewa ā-motu, e ahu mai ana i te raupapa IEC 60745 me te whakauru i ngā whakaritenga tāpiri ā-rohe, e arotahi ana ki ngā wāhanga matua e rua: te kaha ā-pūkaha me te haumaru hiko. Mō te kaha ā-pūkaha, me paahitia e ngā taputapu ringaringa he whakamātautau taka 1-mita ki runga i te raima, ā, me tu te pūnaha tuku i ngā haora maha o te whakamātautau manawanui kawenga kua whakatauria. Mō te haumaru hiko, me rua te whakamarumaru, ā, ko te whakamātautau tu kaha e hiahia ana kia tu i te ngaohiko 1250V-3750V AC mō te meneti kotahi me te kore e pakaru.
Ngā Whakaritenga Tāpiri mō te Tiwhikete K3L: He tiwhikete haumaru tāpiri mō ngā taputapu hiko ringaringa, e aro ana ki ngā tohu whakamātautau pēnei i te ātete whakamarumaru me te kaha tu atu ki te ngaohiko. Ngā hua kāore i te whai tiwhikete pēnei i te Wiri HikoKāore e whakaaetia te whakauru atu o ngā mīhini huri koki ki te mākete rarawe.

Ngā Kaupapa Matua o te Tiwhikete Whaihua: Me whakahaere te whakamātautau e tētahi taiwhanga whaimana o Initonīhia pērā i a Sucofindo, ā, me tuku ngā tuhinga hangarau taipitopito pērā i ngā hoahoa ara iahiko me ngā hoahoa pahū. Me tirotiro hoki ētahi kāwai hua i te wheketere. Mā te paerewa SNI 6189-1 hou, ka whakatinanahia i te tau 2024, ka tāpirihia ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau mō ngā taputapu pākahiko lithium. Ka whakaroahia te tukanga tiwhikete ki te 6-8 wiki, me ngā utu e kiia ana he tata ki te US$8,000-20,000.

(II) Ngā Taripa me ngā Ratonga Whakahaere: Ngā Otinga Arotau mō ngā Utu Nui
He nui ake ngā utu tāke me ngā utu kawe waka o Initonīhia i te toharite o Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti. Mā te whakamahere whaitake ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu katoa:

Hanganga Taake: Ko te utu toharite mō ngā taputapu hiko he 5-10%, ā, ko te VAT he 11%. Ko ētahi hua papai ka pāngia e te taake papai tāpiri. Ko te utu whenua tino pai mō ngā taputapu hiko ringaringa (waehere HS 8467299000) he 8%, engari me tatau te kohinga tuturu i runga i te waitohu me te uara o te hua.

Ngā Whakamātautau mō ngā Wāhi Mamae o te Rorohiko: Me piri pono te kawe i ngā taputapu pākahiko lithium ki ngā paerewa whakarōpūtanga UN3481/UN3171. Me whiwhi i ngā Tiwhikete Tākai Taonga Morearea i mua i te wā. Mā te whiriwhiri i te Tauranga o Jakarta hei tauranga matua mō te whakakorenga tikanga ka taea te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga. Mō ngā tuku ki ngā moutere tūmatanui, e whitu ngā rā te roa o te wā ārai. E taunakihia ana kia mahi tahi me tētahi kaiwhakarato rorohiko ā-rohe ki te whakatū i tētahi pokapū tohatoha ā-rohe.

Ngā Whakaritenga mō te Tākai: Nā te kaha o te whakahaere i ngā tukanga kawe, e whakahau ana a Indonesia kia 5mm te matotoru o ngā kātene mō ngā taputapu hiko, ā, me tāia ki ngā tapanga whakatūpato a Indonesia me te tohu tiwhikete SNI.

(III) Tahora Hongere: Te Whakawhirinaki ki ngā Pokapū Tohatoha Matua me ngā Hoa Matua
Ko te nui o te kukū o te mākete hokomaha o Initonīhia e whakarato ana i te huarahi mārama mō te whakawhanaketanga o te hongere. Ko te mea nui ko te whakamahi i ngā pona matua me ngā hoa mahi kounga teitei:
Pokapū Hokohoko Matua: Ko te Mākete LTC Glodok o Jakarta, kei te 127 Hayam Wuruk Street, he wāhi hokohoko matua. He whānuitanga o ngā hua e tukuna ana, tae atu ki ngā miihini whakaputa hiko, ngā mīhini whakarewa, me ngā taputapu hiko, ā, he pokapū hokohoko matua hoki mō ngā kamupene ahumahi me te maina. Ka whakaitihia e ngā whare putunga me ngā ratonga kawe taonga e karapoti ana ngā utu hurihanga.
Te Hononga Hoa Matua: PT. Indah Jaya Teknik Presisi, te kaituku taputapu nui rawa atu o Initonīhia, e whakamanamana ana ki tētahi whatunga e kapi ana i ngā tāone e 25, ā, he wheako ki te mahi tahi me ngā waitohu o te ao. Mā te mahi tahi me rātou ka taea te uru tere ki te mākete. I te tīmatanga, me whakarato ngā tauira mō te whakamātautau mākete 3-6 marama. Kia oti pai, ka taea te whakauru i ngā hua ki tā rātou whatunga tohatoha mekameka.
Rautaki Hanga Whakawhirinaki: He mea nui ki ngā kaituku Initonīhia ngā hononga mahi tahi mō te wā roa. Mō ngā mahi tahi tuatahi, me whai tuhinga tutuki katoa me te whakapumautanga kounga. E taunakihia ana he taurangi ratonga muri-hoko 1-2 tau. Mā te whakatū i ngā toa ratonga ki ngā tāone matua pērā i a Jakarta me Surabaya ka nui ake te hiahia ki te mahi tahi.

IV. Te Whakataurite i ngā Rerekētanga o te Urunga Mākete Matua i waenga i a Vietnam me Indonesia

V. Ngā Rautaki Whaihua: He Mahere Tukanga Whānui mai i te Whakatutukitanga ki te Whai Hua

(I) Te Whakamahere Tiwhikete: Te Whakataurite i te Whai Hua me te Utu

Mā te whakamahi i tētahi rautaki whakakotahi "CB + Target Country Certification" ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu whakamātautau anō. Ka taea te huri tika i ngā hua tiwhikete CB hei pūrongo whakamātautau taketake mō te tiwhikete SNI me te CR, ka penapenahia te 20% o ngā utu tiwhikete me te 30% o te wā. Mō te paerewa QCVN 4:2023 hou o Vietnam, me whakahaere te arotakenga hototahi hikohiko hua i roto i ngā marama e ono i mua. Mō te tiwhikete SNI o Indonesia, me whakarite kia arotauhia ngā kaiwhakarato kua paahitia ngā arotakenga wheketere kia poto ai te huringa tiwhikete.

(II) Te Whakawhanaketanga Hongere: He "Whakaaturanga Hokohoko + Kaihoko Ā-Rohe" Taraiwa Wira-Rua

Mō te mākete o Vietnam, hono atu ki ngā kaituku pea mā te whakaaturanga VINAMAC, me te whakawhirinaki ki ngā kaihoko ā-rohe hei whakahaere i te whakawātea tikanga me te ratonga muri-hoko. Mō te mākete o Initonīhia, e taunakihia ana kia whakaatuhia ngā hua ki te mākete LTC Glodok i mua i te rapu mahi tahi me ngā kamupene matua pēnei i a Indah Jaya. Ahakoa te mākete, me whai whakaaetanga kounga taipitopito me ngā rarangi tiaki mākete mō te mahi tahi tuatahi hei karo i ngā pakanga utu me ngā taupatupatu hongere.

(III) Te Whakarerekētanga Hua: Te Whakautu Tika ki ngā Hiahia ā-Rohe

Hei whakatika i ngā piki me ngā heke o te hiko o Initonīhia, me arotau te awhe hiko o te urutau hiko ki te 180V-240V. Mō te mākete o Vietnam, whakarewahia ngā taputapu taketake utu-pai ake, me te whakawhanake i tētahi raina hua papai hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia whakapai ake o te rohe ahumahi o te raki. Mō te takai, me hiahia a Initonīhia ki ngā kātene matotoru ake me te ārai makuku tāpiri, ko Vietnam ia me hiahia kia rua ngā tohutohu reo Vietnamese me te reo Ingarihi kua tāia ki waho o te takai.

(IV) Whakahaere Mōrearea: Te Whakapūmau Takirua o te Whakatutukitanga me te Whakahaere Rautaki

Whakatūria he pūnaha whakahaere tuhinga tutuki ture hei whakarite kia whai mana ngā tiwhikete CR/SNI, ngā tiwhikete takenga mai, me ētahi atu tuhinga. Mō te mākete Initonīhia, me pupuri ētahi atu pūrongo tirotiro wheketere hei tirotiro ā-ture. Mō ngā mahi kawe taonga, tīpakohia he kamupene tuku utanga kua whai tiwhikete hei kawe i ngā pākahiko lithium, ā, tikina me te rēhita i ngā tiwhikete takai taonga kino me ngā tau UN i mua i te wā. Tukua kia rima ngā rā mō te aukati i te tukunga mai i Vietnam ki te Tauranga o Ho Chi Minh City, ā, kia whitu ngā rā mō ngā tuku mai i Initonīhia ki te Tauranga o Jakarta.