Ubusabe bw'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba bwariyongereye cyane: Ingingo z'ingenzi zo kugera ku isoko ry'ibicuruzwa byinshi muri Vietnam na Indoneziya

Ubusabe bw'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba bwariyongereye cyane: Ingingo z'ingenzi zo kwinjira mu masoko y'ubucuruzi bwa Vietnam na Indoneziya

Mu gihe isi yose igikoresho cy'amashanyarazi Izamuka ry'isoko rigenda rigabanuka buhoro buhoro kugeza ku mpuzandengo ya 4.6%, isoko rya Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba riri kuzamuka nk'amahirwe mashya y'izahabu, rirusha kure iterambere ry'isi. Viyetinamu na Indoneziya, biyobowe n'ikibazo cy'inshuro eshatu cyo kwagura ibikorwa remezo, urwego rw'inganda ruriyongera, ndetse n'iterambere ryihuse ry'imijyi, ni byo bintu by'ingenzi bituma ubu busabe bw'ibikenewe buzamuka. Ku baguzi mpuzamahanga b'inzobere, gusobanukirwa impamvu zo kwinjira muri aya masoko yombi ntibizabafasha gusa gufata iterambere ryiyongera ahubwo bizanabafasha no kubaka inyungu z'igihe kirekire mu guhangana. Iyi nkuru izasesengura ku buryo bunonosoye ingingo z'ingenzi n'ingamba zifatika zo kwinjira ku masoko y'ibi bihugu byombi, hibandwa ku mahirwe yo ku isoko.

I. Mu ijoro ribanziriza isandara: Imitekerereze y'Iterambere n'Ibiranga Ubusabe bw'Amasoko ya Vietnam na Indoneziya

Izamuka ry'isoko ry'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi byo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya si impanuka; ni umusaruro udashobora kwirindwa wo kugera ku ntera runaka y'iterambere ry'ubukungu. Nubwo Viyetinamu na Indoneziya byombi birimo kwiyongera cyane, imiterere y'ibyo bakeneye n'imiterere y'isoko biratandukanye cyane. Gusobanukirwa neza iryo tandukaniro ni ngombwa kugira ngo winjire neza.

(I) Viyetinamu: Inyanja y'Ubururu y'Ubukene bw'Inganda Yatewe no Kwimura Inganda
Vietnam yabaye ahantu heza ho kwimukira inganda ku isi. Kwaguka vuba kwa Cluster y’Inganda zo mu Majyaruguru n’Akarere k’Ubukungu ka Red River Delta byatumye ibyifuzo by’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi byo mu rwego rw’inganda bizamuka ku kigero cy’impuzandengo y’umwaka kirenga 18%. Isoko ryayo rifite imiterere ibiri itandukanye:
Gushingira cyane ku bicuruzwa biva mu mahanga: Ubushobozi bwo gukora ibikoresho byo mu rugo bushobora guhaza gusa 40% by'ibikenewe ku bikoresho byo mu rugo, mu gihe ibikoresho byo mu nganda hafi ya byose bitumizwa mu mahanga. Mu 2024, ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi byari bifite 55% by'ibicuruzwa bya Vietnam bitumizwa mu Bushinwa, muri byo ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi byari 15%. Bikoresheje inyungu zabyo ku giciro, Ubushinwa bwagize isoko rya 58%, buba isoko rinini rya Vietnam ry'ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga.
Imiterere isobanutse y'ibikenewe: Imashini zisukura zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi, imashini zitobora, tournevis, na ibikoresho buri gihe iza ku isonga mu zigurishwa cyane ku mbuga za interineti. Mu mishinga y’ubwubatsi bw’amazu yo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu Mujyi wa Ho Chi Minh, kugura ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi byiyongereyeho 30% buri mwaka. Isoko ry’inganda riracyari ryiganjemo ibirango nka Bosch na Makita, ariko ibicuruzwa by’Abashinwa bifite agaciro gakomeye biri kwinjirira vuba.

(II) Indoneziya: Isoko riterwa n'iterambere ry'ibikorwa remezo, rigenda rikura mu byiciro byose by'ibicuruzwa
Nk’igihugu gituwe cyane muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’Uburasirazuba, gahunda zo guteza imbere ibikorwa remezo bya Indoneziya ndetse n’ubusabe bwo kuvugurura inganda biri gutuma isoko ry’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi rikomeza kwaguka. Ibiranga isoko ryacyo nabyo biragaragara:

Iterambere rikomeye: Kuva kuri gari ya moshi yihuta ya Jakarta-Bandung kugeza ku iyubakwa ry'umurwa mukuru mushya, imishinga minini y'ibikorwa remezo yatumye hakenerwa ibikoresho byo gusudira amashanyarazi, imashini zikata, n'ibindi bikoresho by'ubuhanga byiyongera. Imashini zoza zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi zabaye icyiciro gikunzwe cyane haba mu ngo no mu bucuruzi. Nubwo gukenera ibikoresho bya lithium-ion bigikomeje kuba byinshi, imbogamizi z'ikoranabuhanga zagabanyije ihinduka ryabyo.

Gushyira ingufu mu miyoboro miremire: Hejuru ya 90% by'ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi bugurishwa mu masoko yihariye. LTC Glodok i Jakarta, ikigo kinini cyo gukwirakwiza ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi n'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya, kigira 70% by'ibikenewe mu gutanga amasoko mu nganda. Abacuruza ibikoresho bakomeye nka PT. Indah Jaya bagenzura imiyoboro y'ibanze yo gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa binyuze mu muyoboro ukorera mu mijyi 25.

II. Ishingiro ry'Ubushobozi: Ibyerekezo byo kubahiriza amategeko n'ingingo z'ingenzi ku isoko rya Vietnam

Sisitemu yo kugera ku isoko muri Vietnam ishingiye ku cyemezo cya CR. Iyo ihujwe n'ibiciro bya RCEP n'uburyo bwo gushyira imiyoboro mu buryo bw'ibanze, ikora urwego rw'uburyo bwo kugera ku isoko mu byiciro byinshi. Ku baguzi mpuzamahanga, gutsinda imbogamizi eshatu z'ingenzi: icyemezo, ibiciro, n'imiyoboro ni ingenzi.

(I) Icyemezo cy'itegeko: Ikimenyetso cya CR ni "Pasiporo" yo kwemererwa kwishyura muri Gasutamo

Kuva aho hashyiriwe mu bikorwa ibipimo ngenderwaho bishya bya QCVN 4:2023 mu 2024, icyemezo cya CR (Amabwiriza agenga itangwa ry’impamyabushobozi) cyabaye itegeko kuri ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi kwinjira ku isoko. Ibicuruzwa bidafite ibyangombwa bihura n'ingorane zo kutabona ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo no kubuzwa ku isoko. Ibisabwa by'ingenzi birimo:

Ingano n'Amahame ngenderwaho: Bikora ku bikoresho byose by'amashanyarazi bikoreshwa mu ntoki n'ibikoresho byo mu rwego rw'inganda. Isuzuma rikorwa hakurikijwe ibipimo ngenderwaho bya TCVN ku rwego rw'igihugu (bingana na IEC 60745 series). Imipaka yo guhuza amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi (EMC) ni 15dB ikomeye kurusha iyo mu bikoresho byo mu rugo. Ibikoresho byo gusharija nta mugozi bigomba kandi kubahiriza imipaka mishya yo guhura n'imbaraga za rukuruzi.
Uburyo bwo gusaba n'Ikiguzi: Ubusabe bugomba gukorwa binyuze mu miryango yemewe na Vietnam nka QUACERT na SGS. Ubu buryo bukubiyemo gutanga inyandiko za tekiniki (harimo urutonde rw'ibice by'ingenzi n'icyemezo cya ISO 9001), isuzuma ry'icyitegererezo (ibyumweru 2-4), no kugenzura uruganda (ku bicuruzwa bifite ibyago byinshi). Igiciro cyose ni hagati ya 5,000 na 15,000 by'amadolari ya Amerika, kandi icyemezo kimara imyaka itatu.

Ingingo z'ingenzi: Amasosiyete atari aya Vietnam agomba gushyiraho umukozi wo mu gace ukoreramo kugira ngo afashe mu gusaba. Inyandiko zose za tekiniki zigomba gutangwa mu rurimi rwa Vietnam n'Icyongereza, kandi ibirango by'umuburo ku bicuruzwa bigomba kuba birimo Ikiviyetinamu. Kunanirwa gutsinda ikizamini bisaba kongera gusuzumwa nyuma yo gukosorwa. Igihe cy'amezi abiri cyo kwishyurwa kirasabwa.

(II) Imisoro n'amahoro: Amahirwe yo kunoza ibiciro muri gahunda ya RCEP

Vietnam yashyize mu bikorwa igabanya ry’ibiciro ku bikoresho by’amashanyarazi mu buryo bugaragara, bitanga amahirwe yo kunoza ibiciro ku baguzi mpuzamahanga:
Igipimo cy'imisoro: Igipimo gikunzwe cyane ku bikoresho by'amashanyarazi bikoreshwa mu ntoki (HS code 8467299000) ni 8%, naho igipimo gisanzwe ni 30%. Ibihugu bigize RCEP bishobora kugabanyirizwa no gusonerwa ibindi bidafite ibyangombwa by'aho bikomoka, kandi bimwe mu byiciro byamaze kugera kuri zeru.
Imiterere y'umusoro: Uretse imisoro, umusoro ku nyongeragaciro wa 10% (TVA) ugomba kwishyurwa, kandi nta musoro ku bicuruzwa usabwa. Kwemererwa kwishyura gasutamo bisaba gutanga inyandiko nk'icyemezo cy'aho ukomoka, inyemezabwishyu y'ubucuruzi, n'urutonde rw'ibipakiye. Inyandiko zose zigomba kwemezwa na noteri wo muri Vietnam.
Inama ku bijyanye no kwishyura ibicuruzwa bya Gasutamo: Ibikoresho bya bateri ya Lithium bigomba gutangazwa ukwabyo, kandi hagomba gutangwa icyemezo cyo gushyira mu byiciro cya UN3481/UN3171 hamwe n'icyemezo cyo gupakira ibicuruzwa biteje akaga. Ni byiza guhitamo ibyambu by'aho hantu nka Ho Chi Minh Port cyangwa Hai Phong Port kugira ngo bigabanya igihe cyo kwishyura ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo kikagera ku minsi 3-5 y'akazi.

(3) Imiyoboro yo Gukwirakwiza: Kwibanda ku masoko y'ibanze n'imbuga z'umwuga

Isoko ry’ubucuruzi bwa Vietnam rirangwa n’imiterere ikomeye y’amajyaruguru yo mu majyepfo, ikungahaye cyane, isaba gushyira imiyoboro mu buryo bunoze:
Isoko ry’ingenzi ry’ibicuruzwa bigurishwa: Umujyi wa Ho Chi Minh ugize 60% by’ubucuruzi bw’ibicuruzwa bigurishwa mu gihugu. Isoko ryawo ry’ibikoresho binini n’ibikoresho bito rifite abacuruzi amagana, batanga ubwoko bwose bw’ibicuruzwa, kuva ku bikoresho byo mu rugo kugeza ku bikoresho by’inganda. Isoko rya Lao Miao ryo muri Hanoi ni ryo shingiro ry’ibicuruzwa mu majyaruguru, ryibanda ku bikoresho byo gusudira n’ibikoresho by’icyuma.
Guhuza neza: Kwitabira imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ry’ikoranabuhanga mu nganda no mu bikoresho bya Vietnam (VINAMAC) ni uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo kubona abakwirakwiza ibicuruzwa bafite ubuziranenge. Iri murikagurisha rikurura abagurisha ibicuruzwa mpuzamahanga barenga 200 n’abaguzi ibihumbi mirongo b’inzobere buri mwaka. Gukorana n’abakwirakwiza ibicuruzwa bo mu Bushinwa bo mu gace runaka bishobora kugabanya ikiguzi cy’itumanaho; aba bakwirakwiza ibicuruzwa bagize hafi 30% by’isoko.
Guhuza kuri interineti no hanze yayo: Abakwirakwiza ibicuruzwa bakomeye muri rusange bashyizeho imiyoboro yo kuri interineti. Imiyoboro y'ibanze ishobora gushyirwaho binyuze kuri platform za B2B zo mu gace utuyemo, hanyuma gusura uruganda imbonankubone bishobora kongera icyizere mu bufatanye.

III. Ingufu z'ingenzi zo kugera ku isoko: Inzitizi zo kubahiriza amategeko n'ingamba zo kugera ku iterambere ku isoko rya Indoneziya

Isoko rya Indoneziya rirangwa n'uburyo bukomeye bwo gutanga icyemezo cya SNI n'uburyo bugoye bwo gukoresha imiyoboro. Uburyo bwo kwinjiramo busaba uburinganire hagati yo kubahiriza amategeko ya tekiniki n'ubushobozi bw'imikorere bw'aho hantu.

(I) Impamyabushobozi ebyiri: Inzitizi ya tekiniki yakozwe na SNI na K3L
Indoneziya ishyira mu bikorwa icyemezo cy’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bibiri. Byombi ni ngombwa, kandi igihe cyo gutanga icyemezo n’ibisabwa mu ikoranabuhanga biri mu binini cyane muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’uburasirazuba:

Ibisabwa by'ingenzi ku cyemezo cya SNI: Nk'igipimo ngenderwaho cy'igihugu, gishingiye ku rutonde rwa IEC 60745 kandi gikubiyemo ibisabwa by'inyongera, cyibanda ku bice bibiri by'ingenzi: imbaraga za mekanike n'umutekano w'amashanyarazi. Ku bijyanye n'imbaraga za mekanike, ibikoresho bifatwa mu ntoki bigomba gutsinda ikizamini cya metero 1 cyo kugwa kuri sima, kandi sisitemu yo kohereza ibicuruzwa igomba kwihanganira amasaha menshi yo gupima uburemere bw'umutwaro. Ku bijyanye n'umutekano w'amashanyarazi, hakenewe insulation ebyiri, kandi ikizamini cyo kwihanganira amashanyarazi gisaba kwihanganira volteji ya 1250V-3750V AC mu gihe cy'umunota umwe nta kwangirika.
Ibisabwa by'inyongera ku cyemezo cya K3L: Icyemezo cy'umutekano cy'inyongera ku bikoresho by'amashanyarazi bikoreshwa mu ntoki, hibandwa ku bimenyetso by'ibizamini nko kwirinda gushyushya no kwihanganira amashanyarazi. Ibikoresho bidafite icyemezo nka Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazis n'imashini zisya inguni birabujijwe kwinjira ku isoko ry'ubucuruzi.

Ingingo z'ingenzi zo kwemeza: Isuzuma rigomba gukorwa na laboratwari yemewe yo muri Indoneziya nka Sucofindo, kandi inyandiko zirambuye za tekiniki nka za diagrame z'uruziga n'ibishushanyo mbonera byaturitse bigomba gutangwa. Ibyiciro bimwe na bimwe by'ibicuruzwa bizasaba igenzura ry'uruganda. Amahame mashya ya SNI 6189-1, azashyirwa mu bikorwa mu 2024, azongeraho ibisabwa mu isuzuma ry'ibikoresho bya bateri ya lithium. Inzira yo kwemeza izongera igihe kugeza ku byumweru 6-8, hamwe n'ikiguzi kiri hagati ya $8.000-20.000.

(II) Imisoro n'ibijyanye n'ibikoresho: Ibisubizo byo kunoza ibiciro ku giciro kiri hejuru
Ibiciro by'imisoro n'ibijyanye n'ibikoresho muri Indoneziya biri hejuru cyane ugereranyije n'ikigereranyo cya Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba. Igenamigambi rikwiye rishobora kugabanya neza ikiguzi rusange:

Imiterere y'umusoro: Igiciro mpuzandengo cy'umusoro ku bikoresho by'amashanyarazi ni hagati ya 5-10%, naho TVA ni 11%. Bimwe mu bicuruzwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bisoreshwa umusoro w'inyongera w'akataraboneka. Igipimo cy'umusoro gikunzwe cyane ku bikoresho by'amashanyarazi bikoreshwa mu ntoki (HS code 8467299000) ni 8%, ariko amafaranga nyayo agomba kubarwa hashingiwe ku kirango cy'ibicuruzwa n'agaciro kabyo.

Ibisubizo by'Ibikoresho Bibabaza: Gutwara ibikoresho bya bateri ya lithium bigomba kubahiriza amabwiriza ya UN3481/UN3171. Impamyabumenyi zo gupakira ibicuruzwa bidafite akaga zigomba kuboneka mbere y'igihe. Guhitamo icyambu cya Jakarta nk'icyambu cy'ibanze cyo kugabanya ibicuruzwa bishobora kunoza imikorere. Ku bicuruzwa bigezwa mu birwa bya kure, hakenewe igihe cy'iminsi irindwi cyo kugabanya ibicuruzwa. Ni byiza gufatanya n'ikigo gishinzwe ubwikorezi mu gace runaka kugira ngo hashyirweho ikigo gikwirakwiza ibicuruzwa mu karere.

Ibisabwa mu gupakira: Bitewe n’uburyo bwo gutwara ibikoresho bukoreshwa cyane, Indoneziya itegeka ko amakarito yo gupakira ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi agomba kuba afite ubugari bwa mm 5 nibura kandi agomba gucapwa akoresheje ibirango by’uburinzi bya Indoneziya n’ikimenyetso cya SNI.

(III) Imiterere y'Umuyoboro: Kwishingikiriza ku bigo by'ingenzi byo gukwirakwiza amakuru n'abafatanyabikorwa bakomeye
Kuba isoko ry’ubucuruzi rinini muri Indoneziya ritanga icyerekezo gisobanutse cyo guteza imbere imiyoboro. Ikintu cy'ingenzi kiri mu gukoresha uduce tw’ingenzi n’abafatanyabikorwa beza:
Ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cy’ibanze: Isoko rya Jakarta rya LTC Glodok, riherereye kuri 127 Hayam Wuruk Street, ni ahantu heza ho gucururiza. Ritanga ubwoko bwose bw’ibicuruzwa, harimo moteri zitanga moteri, imashini zisudira, n’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi, kandi ni ikigo cy’ingenzi cyo kugura ibicuruzwa ku nganda n’ibigo by’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro. Ibikoresho byo kubika no gutwara ibintu bikikije ububiko bigabanya ikiguzi cyo kugura ibicuruzwa.
Ubufatanye Bukuru bw'Abafatanyabikorwa: PT. Indah Jaya Teknik Presisi, ikigo kinini gikwirakwiza ibikoresho muri Indoneziya, gifite umuyoboro ukorera mu mijyi 25 kandi gifite uburambe mu gukorana n'ibirango mpuzamahanga. Gukorana nabyo bituma isoko ryinjira vuba. Mu ntangiriro, ingero zigomba gutangwa kugira ngo isoko rikoreshwe mu mezi 3-6. Iyo birangiye neza, ibicuruzwa bishobora gushyirwa mu muyoboro wabo ukwirakwiza ibikoresho.
Ingamba zo Kubaka Ikizere: Abacuruza ibicuruzwa bo muri Indoneziya baha agaciro ubufatanye bw'igihe kirekire. Ku bufatanye bw'ibanze, hakenewe inyandiko zuzuye zubahiriza amategeko n'ubuziranenge. Ingwate ya serivisi nyuma y'umwaka 1-2 irasabwa. Gushyiraho amasoko ya serivisi mu mijyi minini nka Jakarta na Surabaya bishobora kongera cyane ubushake bwo gukorana.

IV. Kugereranya itandukaniro ry'uburyo bwo kugera ku isoko rusange hagati ya Vietnam na Indoneziya

V. Ingamba zifatika: Gahunda yuzuye y'ibikorwa kuva ku kubahiriza amategeko kugeza ku nyungu

(I) Gutegura icyemezo: Kunganya imikorere myiza n'ikiguzi

Gukoresha ingamba za "CB + Target Country Certification" bishobora kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kongera gupima. Ibisubizo by'impamyabushobozi za CB bishobora guhindurwamo raporo z'ibanze z'ibizamini bya SNI na CR, bikagabanya 20% by'amafaranga y'impamyabushobozi na 30% by'igihe. Ku gipimo gishya cya QCVN 4:2023 cyo muri Vietnam, kunoza imikorere y'amashanyarazi mu bicuruzwa bigomba gukorwa amezi atandatu mbere y'uko bitangwa. Ku gipimo cya SNI cyo muri Indoneziya, abatanga serivisi batsinze igenzura ry'inganda bagomba gushyirwa imbere kugira ngo bagabanye igihe cyo gutanga impamyabumenyi.

(II) Iterambere ry'Umuyoboro: "Imurikagurisha ry'ubucuruzi + Umukozi wo mu gace" Utwara amapine abiri

Ku isoko rya Vietnam, huza n'abashobora gucuruza ibicuruzwa binyuze mu imurikagurisha rya VINAMAC mu gihe wishingikiriza ku bakozi bo mu gace utuyemo kugira ngo bakore serivisi zo kwishyura ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo no nyuma yo kugurisha. Ku isoko rya Indoneziya, ni byiza kubanza kwerekana ibicuruzwa ku isoko rya LTC Glodok mbere yo gushaka ubufatanye n'ibigo bikomeye nka Indah Jaya. Uko isoko rimeze kose, ubufatanye bwa mbere busaba amasezerano arambuye yo kugenzura ubuziranenge n'ingingo zo kurinda isoko kugira ngo hirindwe intambara z'ibiciro n'amakimbirane mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga.

(III) Guhindura Ibicuruzwa: Gukemura neza ibyo abaturage bakeneye

Kugira ngo ukemure ihindagurika ry’amashanyarazi menshi muri Indoneziya, ongera ingufu z’amashanyarazi kuri adaptateri y’amashanyarazi kugeza kuri 180V-240V. Ku isoko rya Vietnam, shyiramo ibikoresho by’ibanze bihendutse mu gihe utegura umurongo w’ibicuruzwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru kugira ngo uhuze n’ibikenewe mu kuzamura akarere k’inganda zo mu majyaruguru. Ku bijyanye no gupakira, Indonesia isaba amakarito manini afite imbogamizi y’ubushuhe, mu gihe Vietnam isaba amabwiriza y’ikiviyetinamu n’icyongereza yanditse hanze y’ipakira.

(IV) Kugenzura Ingaruka: Gutanga Igenzura ry’Iyubahirizwa ry’Amategeko n’Ibikorwa

Gushyiraho uburyo bwo gucunga inyandiko zijyanye n’amategeko kugira ngo harebwe ko ibyemezo bya CR/SNI, ibyemezo by’inkomoko, n’izindi nyandiko bifite agaciro. Ku isoko rya Indoneziya, raporo z’inyongera z’igenzura ry’uruganda zigomba kubikwa kugira ngo zigenzurwe neza. Ku bijyanye n’ibijyanye n’ubwikorezi, hitamo ikigo cy’ubwikorezi cyemewe gutwara bateri za lithium, kandi ubone kandi wandike ibyemezo byo gupakira ibicuruzwa biteje akaga n’inomero za UN mbere y’igihe. Teganya igihe cy’iminsi itanu cyo kwishyura ibicuruzwa bivuye muri Viyetinamu bijya ku cyambu cya Ho Chi Minh City, n’iminsi irindwi yo kohereza ibicuruzwa bivuye muri Indoneziya bijya ku cyambu cya Jakarta.