Isidingo samathuluzi kagesi eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia siyakhula: Amaphuzu abalulekile okufinyelela emakethe ngobuningi eVietnam nase-Indonesia

Isidingo Samathuluzi Kagesi eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia Siyakhula: Amaphuzu Abalulekile Okungena Ezimakethe Ezithengiswa Ngobuningi zaseVietnam nase-Indonesia

Ngesikhathi somhlaba wonke ithuluzi lamandla Ukukhula kwemakethe kuyehla kancane kancane kuye kuma-avareji angu-4.6%, imakethe yaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia ivela njengethuba elisha legolide, idlula kakhulu ukukhula komhlaba wonke. IVietnam ne-Indonesia, eziqhutshwa usongo oluthathu lokwanda kwengqalasizinda, umkhakha wokukhiqiza okhulayo, kanye nokusheshisa ukukhula kwamadolobha, yizona zinto ezibangela lokhu kukhula kwesidingo. Kubathengi bochwepheshe bamazwe ngamazwe, ukuqonda umqondo ngemuva kokungena kulezi zimakethe ezimbili ngeke nje kubasize ukuthi babambe ukukhula okuqhubekayo kodwa futhi kuzokwakha izinzuzo zokuncintisana zesikhathi eside. Lesi sihloko sizohlaziya ngokuhlelekile amaphuzu ayisihluthulelo namasu asebenzayo okungena ezimakethe ezithengisa ngobuningi zala mazwe amabili, sigxile emathubeni emakethe.

I. Ngobusuku Bokuqhuma: Izici Zokukhula Nokufuna Kwemakethe YaseVietnam Nase-Indonesia

Ukuqhuma kwemakethe yamathuluzi kagesi eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia akuyona into eyenzeka ngengozi; kungumphumela ongenakugwenywa wokufinyelela esigabeni esithile sentuthuko yezomnotho. Nakuba iVietnam ne-Indonesia zombili zikhula ngokushesha, izakhiwo zazo zesidingo kanye nezici zemakethe kuhluka kakhulu. Ukuqonda ngokunembile lokhu kungafani kuyimfuneko yokungena ngempumelelo.

(I) IVietnam: Ulwandle Oluluhlaza Okwesibhakabhaka Lwesidingo Sezinga Lezimboni Esidalwe Ukufuduka Kwezimboni
IVietnam isibe yindawo eyinhloko yokufuduka kwezimboni emhlabeni jikelele. Ukwanda okusheshayo kweNorthern Industrial Cluster kanye neRed River Delta Economic Zone kuholele ekutheni isidingo samathuluzi kagesi asezingeni lezimboni sibe yisilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esingaphezu kuka-18%. Imakethe yayo inezici ezimbili ezihlukile:
Ukuthembela kakhulu ekuthengeni izinto kwamanye amazwe: Amandla okukhiqiza asekhaya angahlangabezana kuphela no-40% wesidingo samathuluzi asekhaya, kuyilapho amathuluzi asezingeni lezimboni cishe engeniswa ngokuphelele. Ngo-2024, imikhiqizo ye-electromechanical yayibalelwa ku-55% wempahla engeniswa yiVietnam evela eShayina, lapho amathuluzi kagesi ayebalelwa ku-15%. Isebenzisa izinzuzo zayo zezindleko, iShayina yayinesabelo semakethe esingu-58%, yaba umthombo omkhulu wokungenisa izinto kwamanye amazwe eVietnam.
Isakhiwo esicacile sesidingo: Izihlanzi ezinengcindezi ephezulu, ama-drill, ama-screwdriver, kanye izesekeli Zihlala zibekwe phezulu ohlwini oluthengiswa kakhulu kumapulatifomu e-e-commerce. Emaphrojekthi okwakha izindlu aphezulu eHo Chi Minh City, ukuthengwa kwamathuluzi kagesi asekelayo kukhuphuke ngo-30% minyaka yonke. Imakethe yezinga lezimboni isabuswa yimikhiqizo efana neBosch neMakita, kodwa imikhiqizo yaseShayina enenani elihle kakhulu lemali ingena ngokushesha.

(II) I-Indonesia: Imakethe eqhutshwa ukukhula kwengqalasizinda, ikhula kuzo zonke izigaba zemikhiqizo
Njengezwe elinabantu abaningi eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, izinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yase-Indonesia kanye nesidingo sokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqiza kuqhuba ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwemakethe yamathuluzi kagesi. Izici zayo zemakethe nazo ziyaphawuleka:

Umfutho Wokukhula Okuqinile: Kusukela kuJakarta-Bandung High-Speed ​​​​Rail kuya ekwakhiweni kwenhloko-dolobha entsha, amaphrojekthi engqalasizinda amakhulu aholele ekukhuleni kwesidingo samathuluzi okushisela kagesi, imishini yokusika, kanye namanye amathuluzi obunjiniyela. Ama-washer anomfutho ophezulu abe yisigaba esithandwayo kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya nakwezentengiselwano. Ngenkathi isidingo samathuluzi e-lithium-ion sisalokhu sinamandla, imikhawulo yezobuchwepheshe iye yanciphisa ukuguquka kwawo.

Ukugxila Okuphezulu Kweziteshi: Ngaphezu kuka-90% wemisebenzi ethengiswa ngobuningi igxile ezimakethe ezikhethekile. I-LTC Glodok eJakarta, isikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke sokusabalalisa ihadiwe nemishini kagesi eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, imele u-70% wesidingo sokuthengwa kwezimboni ezweni. Abasabalalisi abaphambili njenge-PT. Indah Jaya balawula iziteshi zokusabalalisa eziyinhloko ngenethiwekhi ehlanganisa amadolobha angu-25.

II. Umongo Wokufinyelela: Izithiyo Zokuthobela Umthetho kanye Namaphuzu Ayisihluthulelo Asebenzayo Emakethe YaseVietnam

Uhlelo lokufinyelela emakethe lwaseVietnam lugxile ekuqinisekisweni kwe-CR. Kuhlanganiswe nezintandokazi ze-RCEP tariff kanye nokusetshenziswa kweziteshi zasendaweni, kwakha uhlaka lokufinyelela olunezigaba eziningi. Kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe, ukunqoba izithiyo ezintathu ezibalulekile: isitifiketi, i-tariff, kanye neziteshi kubalulekile.

(I) Isitifiketi Esiphoqelekile: Uphawu lwe-CR "luyiPasipoti" Yokuvunyelwa Kwentela

Kusukela kwaqaliswa ukusetshenziswa kwendinganiso entsha ye-QCVN 4:2023 ngo-2024, isitifiketi se-CR (i-Certification Regulation) sesibe yimpoqo ku- amathuluzi kagesi ukungena emakethe. Imikhiqizo engaqinisekisiwe ibhekene nengozi yezithiyo zokususwa kwentela kanye nokuvinjelwa kwemakethe. Izidingo zayo eziyinhloko zifaka:

Ububanzi Nezindinganiso Zesitifiketi: Kuhlanganisa wonke amathuluzi kagesi aphathwa ngesandla kanye nemishini yezinga lezimboni. Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngokuhambisana nezinga likazwelonke le-TCVN (elilingana nochungechunge lwe-IEC 60745). Imikhawulo yokuhambisana kwe-Electromagnetic (EMC) iqinile nge-15dB kunaleyo yemishini yasekhaya. Amathuluzi okushaja okungenantambo kumele futhi ahlangabezane nemikhawulo emisha yokuchayeka kwensimu yamagnetic.
Inqubo Yesicelo Nezindleko: Izicelo kumele zenziwe ngezinhlangano ezigunyaziwe zaseVietnam ezifana ne-QUACERT kanye ne-SGS. Inqubo ihlanganisa ukulethwa kwemibhalo yobuchwepheshe (kufaka phakathi uhlu lwezingxenye ezibalulekile kanye nesitifiketi se-ISO 9001), ukuhlolwa kwesampula (amasonto ama-2-4), kanye nokuhlolwa kwefektri (kwemikhiqizo enobungozi obukhulu). Izindleko eziphelele zingaba ngu-US$5,000-15,000, kanti isitifiketi sisebenza iminyaka emithathu.

Amanothi Ayisihluthulelo: Izinkampani ezingezona ezesiVietnam kumele ziqoke i-ejenti yendawo ukusiza ngesicelo. Yonke imibhalo yobuchwepheshe kumele inikezwe ngesiVietnam nesiNgisi, futhi amalebula okuxwayisa ngomkhiqizo kumele afake isiVietnam. Ukwehluleka ukuphumelela isivivinyo kudinga ukuhlolwa kabusha ngemva kokulungiswa. Kunconywa isikhathi somusa sezinyanga ezimbili.

(II) Izindleko kanye Nokusulwa Kwentela: Amathuba Okuthuthukisa Izindleko ngaphansi Kohlaka lwe-RCEP

IVietnam isebenzise ukwehliswa okukhulu kwentela kumathuluzi kagesi ngaphansi kohlaka lwe-RCEP, okuhlinzeka ngamathuba okuthuthukisa izindleko kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe:
Amanani Entela: Izinga elithandwa kakhulu lamathuluzi kagesi aphathwayo (ikhodi ye-HS 8467299000) lingu-8%, kanti izinga elijwayelekile lingu-30%. Amazwe angamalungu e-RCEP angajabulela ukwehliswa okwengeziwe kanye nokukhululwa ngezitifiketi zomsuka, futhi ezinye izigaba sezivele zifinyelele amanani entela angenalutho.
Ukwakheka Kwentela: Ngaphezu kwentela, intela enenani elingeziwe engu-10% (i-VAT) iyakhokhwa, futhi akukho ntela yokusebenzisa edingekayo. Ukuvunyelwa kwentela kudinga ukulethwa kwamadokhumenti afana nesitifiketi semvelaphi, i-invoyisi yezentengiselwano, kanye nohlu lokupakisha. Wonke amadokhumenti kumele aqinisekiswe ngummeli womthetho waseVietnam.
Amathiphu Okusula Izimpahla Ezithengiswayo: Amathuluzi ebhethri le-lithium kumele amenyezelwe ngokwehlukana, futhi kufanele kuhlinzekwe isitifiketi sokuhlukaniswa kwe-UN3481/UN3171 kanye nesitifiketi sokupakisha izimpahla eziyingozi. Kunconywa ukukhetha amachweba e-hub njenge-Ho Chi Minh Port noma i-Hai Phong Port ukuze kufinyezwe izikhathi zokusula izimpahla ezithengiswayo zibe yizinsuku zebhizinisi ezingu-3-5.

(3) Iziteshi Zokusabalalisa: Ukugxila Ezimakethe Eziyinhloko Nakumapulatifomu Ochwepheshe

Imakethe yezitolo ezinkulu yaseVietnam iphawuleka ngesakhiwo "esiseningizimu esiqinile, esichumayo enyakatho", esidinga indawo eqondile yesiteshi:
Izimakethe Eziyinhloko Ezithengisa Izinto Eziningi: Idolobha laseHo Chi Minh lihlanganisa u-60% wemisebenzi yokuthengiswa ngobuningi ezweni. Imakethe yalo yehadiwe kanye nemishini encane ethengisa izinto eziningi inamakhulu abathengisi, abanikeza uhla oluphelele lwemikhiqizo, kusukela kumathuluzi asekhaya kuya kumishini yezimboni. IMakethe yaseLao Miao yaseHanoi iyisikhungo esiyinhloko sokusabalalisa enyakatho, esigxile emishinini yokushisela kanye namathuluzi okusebenza ngensimbi.
Ukuhlanganisa Okuphumelelayo: Ukubamba iqhaza eMbukisweni Wezobuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza Nezinto Zokusebenza ZaseVietnam (i-VINAMAC) kuyindlela eyinhloko yokufinyelela kubasabalalisi abasezingeni eliphezulu. Lo mbukiso uheha ababonisi bamazwe ngamazwe abangaphezu kuka-200 kanye namashumi ezinkulungwane zabathengi abangochwepheshe minyaka yonke. Ukubambisana nabasabalalisi bendawo baseShayina kunganciphisa izindleko zokuxhumana; laba basabalalisi bakha cishe u-30% wemakethe.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwe-inthanethi Nokungaxhunywanga: Abasabalalisi abaphambili ngokuvamile basungule iziteshi ze-inthanethi. Ukuxhumana kokuqala kungasungulwa ngamapulatifomu endawo e-B2B, bese ukuvakasha mathupha efektri kungajulisa ukwethembana ngokubambisana.

III. Ukufinyelela Okubalulekile Emakethe: Izithiyo Zokuthobela Umthetho kanye Namasu Okuthuthuka Emakethe yase-Indonesia

Imakethe yase-Indonesia iphawuleka ngohlelo oluqinile lwesitifiketi se-SNI kanye nesistimu yesiteshi esiyinkimbinkimbi. Inqubo yokungena idinga ibhalansi phakathi kokuthobela imithetho yobuchwepheshe kanye namakhono okusebenza endawo.

(I) Isitifiketi Esiphindwe Kabili: Isithiyo Sobuchwepheshe Esakhiwe yi-SNI ne-K3L
I-Indonesia isebenzisa isitifiketi esiyimpoqo esiphindwe kabili samathuluzi kagesi. Zombili zibalulekile, futhi umjikelezo wesitifiketi kanye nezidingo zobuchwepheshe ziphakathi kweziphezulu kakhulu eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia:

Izidingo Eziyinhloko Zesitifiketi se-SNI: Njengendinganiso kazwelonke ephoqelekile, esekelwe ochungechungeni lwe-IEC 60745 futhi ifaka izidingo ezengeziwe zendawo, igxile ezindaweni ezimbili ezibalulekile: amandla omshini kanye nokuphepha kukagesi. Ngokuphathelene namandla omshini, amathuluzi aphathwayo kumele aphumelele ukuhlolwa kokuwa kwemitha eli-1 kukhonkolo, kanti uhlelo lokudlulisa kumele lumelane namahora amaningana okuhlolwa kokukhuthazela komthwalo okulinganiselwe. Ngokuphathelene nokuphepha kukagesi, kudingeka ukufakelwa okuphindwe kabili, kanti ukuhlolwa kokumelana ne-voltage kudinga ukumelana ne-voltage engu-1250V-3750V AC umzuzu owodwa ngaphandle kokuphuka.
Izidingo Ezingeziwe Zesitifiketi se-K3L: Isitifiketi esengeziwe sokuphepha samathuluzi kagesi aphathwa ngesandla, sigxile ezinkombeni zokuhlola ezifana nokumelana nokushisa kanye ne-voltage yokumelana. Imikhiqizo engaqinisekisiwe efana ne- Umshini Wokubhoboza Ugesiama-s kanye nama-angle grinder awavunyelwe ukungena emakethe yokuthengisa ngobuningi.

Isitifiketi Esisebenzayo Amaphuzu Abalulekile: Ukuhlolwa kumele kwenziwe yilabhorethri egunyaziwe yase-Indonesia njengeSucofindo, futhi kumele kuthunyelwe imibhalo yobuchwepheshe enemininingwane efana nemidwebo yesekethe kanye nemidwebo eqhumile. Ezinye izigaba zomkhiqizo nazo zizodinga ukuhlolwa kwefektri. Indinganiso entsha ye-SNI 6189-1, ezosetshenziswa ngo-2024, izokwengeza izidingo zokuhlola zamathuluzi ebhethri le-lithium. Inqubo yokuqinisekiswa izonwetshwa ibe amasonto ayi-6-8, kanti izindleko zilinganiselwa cishe ku-US$8,000-20,000.

(II) Izindleko kanye Nezokuthutha: Izixazululo Zokuthuthukisa Izindleko Eziphezulu
Izindleko zentela kanye nezokuthutha zase-Indonesia ziphakeme kakhulu kunesilinganiso saseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ukuhlela okunengqondo kunganciphisa ngempumelelo izindleko eziphelele:

Isakhiwo Sentela: Isilinganiso senani lamathuluzi kagesi singu-5-10%, kanti i-VAT ingu-11%. Eminye imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu ikhokhiswa intela eyengeziwe yobukhazikhazi. Izinga lenani lamathuluzi kagesi aphathwa ngesandla (ikhodi ye-HS 8467299000) lingu-8%, kodwa ukuqoqwa kwangempela kumele kubalwe ngokusekelwe kumkhiqizo kanye nenani lawo.

Izixazululo Zezinhlungu Zokuthuthwa Kwezimpahla: Ukuthuthwa kwamathuluzi ebhethri le-lithium kumele kulandele ngokuqinile amazinga okuhlukaniswa kwe-UN3481/UN3171. Izitifiketi Zokupakisha Izimpahla Eziyingozi kumele zitholakale kusenesikhathi. Ukukhetha iTheku laseJakarta njengechweba eliyinhloko lokususa impahla kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle. Ukuze kuthunyelwe eziqhingini ezikude, kudingeka isikhathi sezinsuku eziyisikhombisa sokuphepha. Kunconywa ukusebenzisana nomhlinzeki wezokuthutha wendawo ukuze kusungulwe isikhungo sokusabalalisa sesifunda.

Izidingo Zokupakisha: Ngenxa yobukhulu bokuphathwa kwezinqubo zokuthutha, i-Indonesia iyalela ukuthi amabhokisi okupakisha amathuluzi kagesi abe okungenani ubukhulu obungu-5mm futhi kumele aphrintwe ngamalebula esixwayiso sase-Indonesia kanye nophawu lwesitifiketi se-SNI.

(III) Ukuhlelwa Kwesiteshi: Ukuthembela Ezikhungweni Zokusabalalisa Eziyinhloko kanye Nozakwethu Abaholayo
Ukwanda okukhulu kwemakethe yokuthengisa ngobuningi e-Indonesia kunikeza isiqondiso esicacile sokuthuthukiswa kwesiteshi. Isihluthulelo sisekusebenziseni ama-core node kanye nabalingani abasezingeni eliphezulu:
Isikhungo Sokuhweba Esiyinhloko: Imakethe yaseJakarta i-LTC Glodok, etholakala ku-127 Hayam Wuruk Street, iyindawo ebalulekile yokuhweba. Inikeza uhla oluphelele lwemikhiqizo, okuhlanganisa amajeneretha, ama-welder, namathuluzi kagesi, futhi iyisikhungo esibalulekile sokuthenga izinkampani zezimboni nezezimayini. Izindawo zokugcina impahla ezizungezile kanye nezindawo zokuthutha zinciphisa izindleko zokushintshana.
Ubambiswano Oluhamba Phambili Lozakwethu: PT. Indah Jaya Teknik Presisi, umsabalalisi wamathuluzi omkhulu kunabo bonke e-Indonesia, unenethiwekhi ehlanganisa amadolobha angu-25 futhi unesipiliyoni sokusebenza nemikhiqizo yamazwe ngamazwe. Ubambiswano nabo luvumela ukungena emakethe ngokushesha. Ekuqaleni, amasampula kumele anikezwe ukuhlolwa kwemakethe kwezinyanga ezi-3-6. Lapho sekuqediwe ngempumelelo, imikhiqizo ingafakwa kunethiwekhi yabo yokusabalalisa uchungechunge.
Isu Lokwakha Ukwethembana: Abasabalalisi base-Indonesia bayazisa ukubambisana kwesikhathi eside. Ukuze ubambisane okokuqala, kudingeka imibhalo ephelele yokuthobela imithetho kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi. Kunconywa isiqinisekiso senkonzo ngemuva kokuthengisa seminyaka eyi-1-2. Ukusungula izindawo zokunikeza izinsizakalo emadolobheni amakhulu njengeJakarta neSurabaya kungakhulisa kakhulu ukuzimisela kokubambisana.

IV. Ukuqhathaniswa Komehluko Wokufinyelela Emakethe Eyinhloko phakathi kweVietnam ne-Indonesia

V. Amasu Asebenzayo: Uhlelo Lwenqubo Oluphelele Kusukela Ekuhambisaneni Nomthetho Kuya Ekuzuzeni Inzuzo

(I) Ukuhlela Isitifiketi: Ukulinganisela Ukusebenza Kahle kanye Nezindleko

Ukwamukela isu elihlanganisiwe elithi "CB + Target Country Certification" kunganciphisa izindleko zokuhlola kabusha. Imiphumela yesitifiketi se-CB ingaguqulwa ngqo ibe yimibiko yokuhlola eyisisekelo yesitifiketi se-SNI ne-CR, kongiwe u-20% wezimali zesitifiketi kanye no-30% wesikhathi. Ngendinganiso entsha ye-QCVN 4:2023 yaseVietnam, ukulungiswa kokuhambisana komkhiqizo kagesi kufanele kwenziwe ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kusengaphambili. Ngesitifiketi se-SNI sase-Indonesia, abahlinzeki abaphasile ukuhlolwa kwefektri kufanele babekwe phambili ukuze banciphise umjikelezo wesitifiketi.

(II) Ukuthuthukiswa Kwesiteshi: "Umbukiso Wezohwebo + I-Ejenti Yendawo" Idrayivu Yamasondo Amabili

Kumakethi aseVietnam, xhumana nabasabalalisi abangaba khona ngombukiso we-VINAMAC ngenkathi uthembele kuma-ejenti endawo ukuthi aphathe ukuvunyelwa kwempahla kanye nensizakalo yangemva kokuthengisa. Kumakethi ase-Indonesia, kunconywa ukuthi kuqale kuboniswe imikhiqizo emakethe ye-LTC Glodok ngaphambi kokufuna ukubambisana nezinkampani ezihamba phambili njenge-Indah Jaya. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imakethe injani, ukubambisana kokuqala kudinga isivumelwano esiningiliziwe sokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi kanye nezigaba zokuvikela imakethe ukuze kugwenywe izimpi zamanani kanye nezingxabano zesiteshi.

(III) Ukuzivumelanisa Nomkhiqizo: Ukusabela Ngokuqondile Ezidingweni Zendawo

Ukuze ubhekane nokuguquguquka kwamandla kagesi aphezulu e-Indonesia, lungisa ububanzi bamandla kagesi we-adaptha yamandla bube ngu-180V-240V. Emakethe yaseVietnam, qala amathuluzi ayisisekelo angabizi kakhulu ngenkathi uthuthukisa umugqa womkhiqizo osezingeni eliphezulu ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zokuthuthukisa zesifunda sezimboni esisenyakatho. Ngokuphathelene nokupakisha, i-Indonesia idinga amabhokisi amakhulu anomgoqo owengeziwe womswakama, kuyilapho iVietnam idinga imiyalelo yezilimi ezimbili yesiVietnam nesiNgisi ephrintiwe ngaphandle kwephakheji.

(IV) Ukulawulwa Kwengozi: Ukuqinisekiswa Okubili Kokuthobela Imithetho kanye Nokuhlela

Misa uhlelo lokuphatha amadokhumenti okuhambisana nomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izitifiketi ze-CR/SNI, izitifiketi zomsuka, kanye neminye imibhalo iyasebenza. Emakethe yase-Indonesia, imibiko eyengeziwe yokuhlola ifektri kumele igcinwe ukuze kuhlolwe indawo yokulawula. Kwezokuthutha, khetha umthumeli wezimpahla oqinisekisiwe ukuthutha amabhethri e-lithium, bese uthola futhi ubhalise izitifiketi zokupakisha izimpahla eziyingozi kanye nezinombolo ze-UN kusengaphambili. Vumela i-buffer yezinsuku ezinhlanu yokuthunyelwa kwempahla kusuka eVietnam kuya eHo Chi Minh City Port, kanye nezinsuku eziyisikhombisa zokuthunyelwa kusuka e-Indonesia kuya eJakarta Port.