Imfuno yezixhobo zamandla eMzantsi-mpuma Asia iyakhula ngamandla: Amanqaku aphambili okufikelela kwimarike ethengiswa ngobuninzi eVietnam naseIndonesia

Imfuno yeZixhobo zoMbane eMzantsi-mpuma Asia Iyaphuphuma: Amanqaku abalulekileyo okungena kwiimarike ezithengiswa ngobuninzi zaseVietnam naseIndonesia

Ngelixa kwihlabathi liphela isixhobo samandla Ukukhula kwemarike kuhamba kancinci kancinci ukuya kuthi ga kwi-avareji ye-4.6%, imakethi yaseMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia ivela njengethuba elitsha legolide, idlula kakhulu ukukhula kwehlabathi. IVietnam ne-Indonesia, eziqhutywa sisongelo esiphindwe kathathu sokwandiswa kweziseko zophuhliso, icandelo lemveliso elikhulayo, kunye nokukhula kwezixeko okukhawulezileyo, zezona zinto ziphambili ezibangela oku kunyuka kwemfuno. Kubathengi abaziingcali bamazwe ngamazwe, ukuqonda ingqiqo yokungena kwezi marike zimbini akuyi kubanceda nje ukuba babambe ukukhula okukhulayo kodwa kuya kwakha neenzuzo zokhuphiswano lwexesha elide. Eli nqaku liza kuhlalutya ngokucwangcisiweyo amanqaku aphambili kunye namaqhinga asebenzayo okungena kwiimarike ezithengiswa ngobuninzi zala mazwe mabini, ligxile kumathuba emarike.

I. Ngaphambi Kokuqhuma: Iimpawu Zokukhula Kwengqondo Nemfuno YeeMarike zaseVietnam naseIndonesia

Ukuqhuma kwemarike yezixhobo zamandla eMzantsi-mpuma Asia akuyongozi; sisiphumo esingenakuphepheka sokufikelela kwinqanaba elithile lophuhliso loqoqosho. Nangona zombini iVietnam ne-Indonesia zikhula ngokukhawuleza, izakhiwo zazo zemfuno kunye neempawu zemarike zahlukile kakhulu. Ukuqonda ngokuchanekileyo la mahluko kuyimfuneko yokungena ngempumelelo.

(I) IVietnam: Ulwandle Oluluhlaza Lwemfuno Yezinga Lemizi-mveliso Oludalwe Kukufuduswa Kwemizi-mveliso
IVietnam ibe yindawo ephambili yokufuduselwa kwemveliso kwihlabathi liphela. Ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kweNorthern Industrial Cluster kunye neRed River Delta Economic Zone kuqhubele phambili imfuno yezixhobo zamandla ezikumgangatho wemizi-mveliso ukuya kwinqanaba lokukhula eliphakathi lonyaka elidlula i-18%. Imakethi yayo ineempawu ezimbini ezahlukeneyo:
Ukuxhomekeka okuphezulu ekuthengeni izinto kwamanye amazwe: Amandla emveliso yasekhaya anokuhlangabezana kuphela ne-40% yemfuno yezixhobo zasekhaya, ngelixa izixhobo ezikumgangatho wezoshishino ziphantse zithunyelwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngo-2024, iimveliso ze-electromechanical zazibandakanya i-55% yezinto ezithengwe eVietnam zivela eTshayina, apho izixhobo zamandla zazibandakanya i-15%. Isebenzisa iingenelo zayo zeendleko, iTshayina yayinesabelo semarike se-58%, yaba ngumthombo omkhulu wokungenisa izinto kwamanye amazwe eVietnam.
Ulwakhiwo olucacileyo lwemfuno: Izicoci ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, iidrili, iiscrewdriver, kunye izixhobo Zihlala zibekwe phezulu kuluhlu oluthengiswa kakhulu kumaqonga e-e-commerce. Kwiiprojekthi zokwakha izindlu eziphezulu kwiSixeko saseHo Chi Minh, ukuthengwa kwezixhobo zamandla ezixhasayo kunyuke ngama-30% ngonyaka. Imarike yezinga lemizi-mveliso isalawulwa ziimpawu ezifana neBosch kunye neMakita, kodwa iimveliso zaseTshayina ezinexabiso elibalaseleyo ngemali zingena ngokukhawuleza.

(II) I-Indonesia: Imakethi eqhutywa kukukhula kolwakhiwo lweziseko zophuhliso, ikhula kuzo zonke iindidi zemveliso
Njengelizwe elinabemi abaninzi kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia, izicwangciso zophuhliso lweziseko zophuhliso zase-Indonesia kunye nemfuno yokuphucula imveliso ziqhuba ukwandiswa okuqhubekayo kwemarike yezixhobo zamandla. Iimpawu zayo zemarike nazo ziyaphawuleka:

Isantya Sokukhula Esiqinileyo: Ukususela kwiJakarta-Bandung High-Speed ​​​​Railway ukuya ekwakhiweni kwekomkhulu elitsha, iiprojekthi ezinkulu zeziseko zophuhliso zikhokelele ekunyukeni kwemfuno yezixhobo zokuwelda zombane, oomatshini bokusika, kunye nezinye izixhobo zobunjineli. Iiwashers zoxinzelelo oluphezulu ziye zaba ludidi oludumileyo lokusetyenziswa ekhaya nakwezorhwebo. Nangona imfuno yezixhobo ze-lithium-ion isaqhubeka, imida yetekhnoloji iye yanciphisa utshintsho lwazo.

Uxinzelelo Oluphezulu Lweetshaneli: Ngaphezulu kwe-90% yeentengiselwano ezithengiswa ngobuninzi zigxile kwiimarike ezikhethekileyo. I-LTC Glodok eJakarta, iziko elikhulu lokusasazwa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha nezixhobo zombane eMzantsi-mpuma Asia, ibandakanya i-70% yemfuno yokuthengwa kwemizi-mveliso yelizwe. Abasasazi abaphambili abanjengo-PT. Indah Jaya balawula iindlela eziphambili zokusasazwa ngenethiwekhi egubungela izixeko ezingama-25.

II. Undoqo wokufikelela: Imida yokuthobela imithetho kunye neengongoma eziphambili ezisebenzayo kwiMarike yaseVietnam

Inkqubo yokufikelela kwimarike yaseVietnam igxile kwisatifikethi se-CR. Idityaniswe nokukhetha irhafu ye-RCEP kunye nokusasazwa kwetshaneli yendawo, yenza isakhelo sokufikelela esinamanqanaba amaninzi. Kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe, ukoyisa imiqobo emithathu ephambili: isatifikethi, irhafu, kunye nemijelo kubalulekile.

(I) Isiqinisekiso Esinyanzelekileyo: Uphawu lwe-CR "yiPaspoti" yoKuhlawulwa kweRhafu

Ukususela oko kwaqaliswa umgangatho omtsha we-QCVN 4:2023 ngo-2024, isiqinisekiso se-CR (uMgaqo woQinisekiso) siye saba yimfuneko kubo bonke izixhobo zamandla ukungena kwimarike. Iimveliso ezingaqinisekiswanga zijongene nomngcipheko wemiqobo yokususwa kwerhafu kunye nokuvalwa kwemarike. Iimfuno zayo eziphambili ziquka:

Ububanzi beSatifikethi kunye neMigangatho: Igubungela zonke izixhobo zamandla eziphathwayo kunye nezixhobo ezikumgangatho wemizi-mveliso. Uvavanyo lwenziwa ngokuhambelana nomgangatho wesizwe we-TCVN (olingana nothotho lwe-IEC 60745). Imida yokuhambelana kwe-electromagnetic (EMC) ingqongqo nge-15dB kunezo zezixhobo zasekhaya. Izixhobo zokutshaja ezingenazingcingo kufuneka zihlangabezane nemida emitsha yokuvezwa kwe-magnetic field.
Inkqubo yesicelo kunye neendleko: Izicelo mazifakwe ngemibutho evunyiweyo yaseVietnam efana neQUACERT kunye ne-SGS. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukungeniswa kwamaxwebhu obuchwephesha (kuquka uluhlu lwezinto ezibalulekileyo kunye nesatifikethi se-ISO 9001), uvavanyo lwesampulu (iiveki ezi-2-4), kunye nokuhlolwa kwefektri (kwiimveliso ezinobungozi obukhulu). Ixabiso lilonke limalunga ne-US$5,000-15,000, kwaye isatifikethi sisebenza iminyaka emithathu.

Amanqaku angundoqo: Iinkampani ezingezizo ezesiVietnam kufuneka zityumbe iarhente yasekuhlaleni ukuba incede ngesicelo. Onke amaxwebhu obuchwephesha kufuneka anikezelwe ngesiVietnam nesiNgesi, kwaye iileyibhile zesilumkiso semveliso kufuneka zibandakanye isiVietnam. Ukungaphumeleli ukuphumelela uvavanyo kufuna ukuphinda kuhlolwe emva kokulungiswa. Ixesha lobubele leenyanga ezimbini liyacetyiswa.

(II) Iirhafu kunye nokuSuswa kweeRhafu: Amathuba okuphucula iindleko phantsi koMgaqo-nkqubo we-RCEP

IVietnam isebenzise ukuncitshiswa okukhulu kweerhafu kwizixhobo zamandla phantsi komgaqo-nkqubo we-RCEP, nto leyo enika amathuba okuphucula iindleko kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe:
Amaxabiso eeRhafu: Ixabiso elithandwa kakhulu lezixhobo zamandla eziphathwayo kwilizwe liphela (ikhowudi ye-HS 8467299000) yi-8%, kwaye ixabiso eliqhelekileyo yi-30%. Amazwe angamalungu e-RCEP anokonwabela ukuncitshiswa okungakumbi kunye nokukhululwa kwiirhafu ngeziqinisekiso zemvelaphi, kwaye ezinye iindidi sele zifikelele kwirhafu ye-zero.
Ulwakhiwo lweRhafu: Ukongeza kwiirhafu, irhafu yexabiso elongeziweyo ye-10% (i-VAT) iyahlawulwa, kwaye akukho rhafu yokusetyenziswa ifunekayo. Ukuvunyelwa kwerhafu kufuna ukungeniswa kwamaxwebhu anjengesatifikethi semvelaphi, i-invoyisi yorhwebo, kunye noluhlu lokupakisha. Onke amaxwebhu kufuneka aqinisekiswe yi-notary public yaseVietnam.
Iingcebiso zokuSusa iMithetho: Izixhobo zebhetri yeLithium mazibhengezwe ngokwahlukeneyo, kwaye kufuneka kubonelelwe ngesatifikethi sohlu lwe-UN3481/UN3171 kunye nesatifikethi sokupakisha iimpahla eziyingozi. Kucetyiswa ukuba ukhethe amazibuko eehabhu afana neHo Chi Minh Port okanye iHai Phong Port ukuze unciphise amaxesha okususwa kweMithetho ukuya kwiintsuku ezi-3-5 zomsebenzi.

(3) Iindlela zoSasazo: Gxila kwiiMarike eziphambili kunye namaQonga oBungcali

Imakethi ethengiswa ngobuninzi yaseVietnam iphawulwa yisakhiwo "esisemazantsi esomeleleyo nesichumayo", esifuna indawo echanekileyo yokubeka itshaneli:
IiMarike Eziphambili Ezithengiswa Ngobuninzi: Isixeko saseHo Chi Minh sithatha i-60% yentengiselwano yelizwe ngobuninzi. Imakethi yaso yezixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezincinci inabathengisi abaninzi, ababonelela ngoluhlu olupheleleyo lweemveliso, ukusuka kwizixhobo zasekhaya ukuya kwizixhobo zoshishino. Imakethi yaseLao Miao yaseHanoi yeyona ndawo iphambili yokusasaza impahla emantla, igxile kwizixhobo zokuwelda kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza ngesinyithi.
Ukudibanisana Okusebenzayo: Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiMboniso yeTekhnoloji yoShishino kunye neTekhnoloji yeZinto zoShishino lwaseVietnam (iVINAMAC) yindlela ephambili yokufikelela kubasasazi abakumgangatho ophezulu. Lo mboniso utsala ababonisi bamazwe ngamazwe abangaphezu kwama-200 kunye namawakawaka abathengi abaziingcali minyaka le. Ukusebenzisana nabasasazi basekuhlaleni baseTshayina kunokunciphisa iindleko zonxibelelwano; aba basasazi bamalunga nama-30% emarike.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwi-Intanethi nakwi-Offline: Abasasazi abaphambili ngokubanzi baseke iindlela ze-intanethi. Uqhagamshelwano lokuqala lunokusekwa ngamaqonga e-B2B asekuhlaleni, kwaye ukutyelela umzi-mveliso ubuso ngobuso kunokwandisa ukuthembana kwentsebenziswano.

III. Ukufikelela kwiMarike ephambili: Imiqobo yokuthobela imithetho kunye namaqhinga okuphumelela kwiMarike yaseIndonesia

Imakethi yase-Indonesia iphawulwa yinkqubo yesatifikethi se-SNI engqongqo kunye nenkqubo ye-channel entsonkothileyo. Inkqubo yokungena ifuna ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokuthobela imithetho yobuchwepheshe kunye nezakhono zokusebenza zasekuhlaleni.

(I) Isiqinisekiso esiphindwe kabini: Umqobo woBugcisa owenziwe yi-SNI kunye ne-K3L
I-Indonesia isebenzisa isiqinisekiso esiyimfuneko ezibini kwizixhobo zamandla. Zombini zibalulekile, kwaye umjikelo wesiqinisekiso kunye neemfuno zobugcisa ziphakathi kwezona ziphezulu kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia:

Iimfuno eziphambili zeSatifikethi se-SNI: Njengomgangatho onyanzelekileyo wesizwe, osekelwe kuthotho lwe-IEC 60745 kwaye ubandakanya iimfuno ezongezelelweyo zasekuhlaleni, ugxile kwiindawo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: amandla oomatshini kunye nokhuseleko lombane. Ngokuphathelele amandla oomatshini, izixhobo eziphathwayo kufuneka ziphumelele uvavanyo lokuwa kwe-1-meter kwikhonkrithi, kwaye inkqubo yokudlulisela kufuneka imelane neeyure ezininzi zovavanyo lokunyamezela umthwalo olulinganisiweyo. Ngokuphathelele ukhuseleko lombane, kufuneka i-insulation kabini, kwaye uvavanyo lokumelana ne-voltage lufuna imelane ne-voltage ye-1250V-3750V AC umzuzu omnye ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.
Iimfuno ezongezelelweyo zeSatifikethi se-K3L: Isatifikethi esongezelelweyo sokhuseleko lwezixhobo zamandla eziphathwayo, sigxile kwizalathi zovavanyo ezifana nokumelana nobushushu kunye nombane omelana nobushushu. Iimveliso ezingaqinisekiswanga ezifana ne Ukubhola kombaneii-s kunye nee-angle grinders azivumelekanga ukungena kwimarike yokuthengisa ngobuninzi.

Isiqinisekiso Esisebenzayo Amanqaku Aphambili: Uvavanyo kufuneka lwenziwe yilabhoratri evunyiweyo yase-Indonesia efana neSucofindo, kwaye kufuneka kungeniswe amaxwebhu obuchwephesha aneenkcukacha ezifana needayagram zesekethe kunye needayagram eziqhumileyo. Ezinye iindidi zemveliso ziya kufuna ukuhlolwa kwefektri. Umgangatho omtsha we-SNI 6189-1, oza kuphunyezwa ngo-2024, uza kongeza iimfuno zovavanyo lwezixhobo zebhetri ye-lithium. Inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa iya kwandiswa ukuya kwiiveki ezi-6-8, iindleko ziqikelelwa malunga ne-US $8,000-20,000.

(II) Iirhafu kunye neLogistics: Izisombululo zoLungiselelo lweeNdleko eziPhakamileyo
Iirhafu zase-Indonesia kunye neendleko zothutho ziphezulu kakhulu kunomndilili waseMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia. Ucwangciso olufanelekileyo lunokunciphisa ngempumelelo iindleko zizonke:

Ulwakhiwo lweRhafu: Irhafu ephakathi yezixhobo zamandla yi-5-10%, kwaye i-VAT yi-11%. Ezinye iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu zihlawuliswa irhafu eyongezelelweyo yobunewunewu. Ixabiso lerhafu elithandwa kakhulu kwizixhobo zamandla eziphathwayo (ikhowudi ye-HS 8467299000) yi-8%, kodwa ingqokelela yokwenyani kufuneka ibalwe ngokusekelwe kuphawu lwemveliso kunye nexabiso layo.

Izisombululo zeLogistics Pain Point: Ukuthuthwa kwezixhobo zebhetri ye-lithium kufuneka kuhambelane ngokungqongqo nemigangatho yokuhlelwa kwe-UN3481/UN3171. Izatifikethi zokuPakisha iiMpahla eziyingozi kufuneka zifunyanwe kwangaphambili. Ukukhetha iPort of Jakarta njengezibuko eliphambili lokususa iimpahla kunokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle. Ukuhanjiswa kwiiziqithi ezikude, kufuneka ixesha leentsuku ezisixhenxe. Kucetyiswa ukusebenzisana nomnikezeli wezothutho wasekuhlaleni ukuze kusekwe iziko lokuhambisa impahla lengingqi.

Iimfuneko zokuPakisha: Ngenxa yobuninzi beenkqubo zothutho, i-Indonesia iyalela ukuba iibhokisi zokupakisha izixhobo zamandla zibe nobukhulu obuyi-5mm ubuncinane kwaye maziprintwe ngeelebheli zesilumkiso zase-Indonesia kunye nophawu lwesatifikethi se-SNI.

(III) Uyilo lweChannel: Ukuthembela kwiZiko loSasazo oluPhambili kunye namaqabane aPhambili
Ubuninzi bemarike ye-Indonesia ethengiswa ngobuninzi bubonelela ngesikhokelo esicacileyo sophuhliso lwetshaneli. Isitshixo sisekusebenziseni ii-core nodes kunye namaqabane asemgangathweni ophezulu:
Isikhungo Sorhwebo Esiphambili: IMarike yaseJakarta yeLTC Glodok, ekwi-127 Hayam Wuruk Street, yindawo ephambili yokurhweba. Ibonelela ngoluhlu olupheleleyo lweemveliso, kubandakanya iijenereyitha, iiwelders, kunye nezixhobo zamandla, kwaye yindawo ephambili yokuthenga kwiinkampani zoshishino nezemigodi. Iindawo zokugcina impahla ezingqongileyo kunye nezibonelelo zezothutho zinciphisa iindleko zokutshintsha.
Intsebenziswano Ephambili YamaQabane: PT. Indah Jaya Teknik Presisi, umsasazi wezixhobo omkhulu e-Indonesia, unenethiwekhi egubungela izixeko ezingama-25 kwaye unamava okusebenza neempawu zamazwe ngamazwe. Ukusebenzisana nazo kuvumela ukungena ngokukhawuleza kwimarike. Ekuqaleni, iisampulu kufuneka zinikezelwe kuvavanyo lwemarike lweenyanga ezi-3-6. Xa zigqityiwe ngempumelelo, iimveliso zingabandakanywa kuthungelwano lwazo lokusasaza.
Icebo Lokwakha Ukuthembana: Abasasazi base-Indonesia bayayixabisa intsebenziswano yexesha elide. Kwintsebenziswano yokuqala, kufuneka amaxwebhu apheleleyo okuthobela imithetho kunye nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho. Isiqinisekiso senkonzo emva kweminyaka eli-1-2 siyacetyiswa. Ukuseka iindawo zokunika iinkonzo kwizixeko eziphambili ezifana neJakarta kunye neSurabaya kunokunyusa kakhulu ukuzimisela ukusebenzisana.

IV. Uthelekiso loMmahluko wokufikelela kwiMarike ePhambili phakathi kweVietnam neIndonesia

V. Amaqhinga Asebenzayo: Isicwangciso seNkqubo esiBanzi ukusuka ekuThotyelweni kweMithetho ukuya ekuNzuzweni kweNzuzo

(I) Ucwangciso lweSatifikethi: Ukulinganisela ukusebenza kakuhle kunye neendleko

Ukwamkela icebo elidibeneyo elithi "CB + Target Country Certification" kunokunciphisa iindleko zokuvavanya kwakhona. Iziphumo zesatifikethi seCB zinokuguqulwa ngokuthe ngqo zibe ziingxelo zovavanyo ezisisiseko zesatifikethi se-SNI kunye ne-CR, kongiwe i-20% yeentlawulo zesatifikethi kunye ne-30% yexesha. Kwimigangatho emitsha ye-QCVN 4:2023 yaseVietnam, ukulungiswa kokuhambelana kwemveliso nge-electromagnetic kufuneka kwenziwe kwiinyanga ezintandathu kwangaphambili. Kwisatifikethi se-SNI sase-Indonesia, ababoneleli abaphumelele uhlolo lwefektri kufuneka babekwe phambili ukuze banciphise umjikelo wesatifikethi.

(II) Uphuhliso lweChannel: "Umboniso woRhwebo + iArhente yasekuhlaleni" iDual-Wheel Drive

Kwimarike yaseVietnam, nxibelelana nabasasazi abanokubakho ngokusebenzisa umboniso weVINAMAC ngelixa uthembele kwiiarhente zasekuhlaleni ukuba ziphathe inkonzo yokucoca amaxabiso kunye nenkonzo yasemva kokuthengisa. Kwimarike yaseIndonesia, kucetyiswa ukuba kuqale kuboniswe iimveliso kwimarike yeLTC Glodok ngaphambi kokuba kufuneke intsebenziswano neenkampani eziphambili ezifana ne-Indah Jaya. Nokuba imarike injani na, intsebenziswano yokuqala ifuna isivumelwano esineenkcukacha zokuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nemihlathi yokukhusela imarike ukuze kuthintelwe iimfazwe zamaxabiso kunye neengxabano zesiteshi.

(III) Uhlengahlengiso lweMveliso: Ukuphendula ngokuchanekileyo kwiimfuno zasekuhlaleni

Ukujongana nokuguquguquka kwamandla ombane aphezulu e-Indonesia, phucula uluhlu lombane lwe-adaptha yamandla ukuya kwi-180V-240V. Kwimarike yaseVietnam, qalisa izixhobo ezisisiseko ezingabizi kakhulu ngelixa uphuhlisa umgca wemveliso ophezulu ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokuphucula ummandla wemizi-mveliso osemantla. Ngokuphathelele ukupakisha, i-Indonesia ifuna iibhokisi ezijiyileyo ezinomqobo owongezelelweyo wokufuma, ngelixa iVietnam ifuna imiyalelo yesiVietnam nesiNgesi eprintiweyo ngaphandle kwephakheji.

(IV) Ulawulo loMngcipheko: Uqinisekiso oluphindwe kabini lokuthobela imithetho kunye nolungiselelo

Misela inkqubo yolawulo loxwebhu lokuthobela imithetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba izatifikethi ze-CR/SNI, izatifikethi zemvelaphi, kunye namanye amaxwebhu asemthethweni. Kwimarike yase-Indonesia, iingxelo ezongezelelweyo zokuhlolwa kwefektri kufuneka zigcinwe ukuze kujongwe indawo yolawulo. Kwizinto ezithuthwayo, khetha umthumeli wempahla oqinisekisiweyo ukuthutha iibhetri ze-lithium, kwaye ufumane kwaye ubhalise izatifikethi zokupakisha iimpahla eziyingozi kunye neenombolo ze-UN kwangaphambili. Vumela i-buffer yokucoca impahla yemihla emihlanu yokuthunyelwa ukusuka eVietnam ukuya eHo Chi Minh City Port, kunye neentsuku ezisixhenxe zokuthunyelwa ukusuka e-Indonesia ukuya eJakarta Port.