Kapangidwe ka burashi ya petulo

Kapangidwe ka Chotsukira Udzu cha Petroli: Buku Lophunzitsira Anthu Ogula Zinthu Padziko Lonse

Kwa ogula ogulitsa zinthu zambiri ochokera kumayiko ena omwe amagwira ntchito m'minda ndi zida zaulimi, kumvetsetsa kapangidwe kake makina odulira udzu a petulo Sikuti ndi maziko okha osankha zinthu zokha komanso ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popereka chithandizo chaukadaulo kwa makasitomala am'deralo komanso kukonza bwino kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zomwe zili m'sitolo. Chotsukira udzu chapamwamba kwambiri ndi kuphatikiza mwadongosolo zinthu zingapo zazikulu, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito a chinthucho, kulimba kwake, komanso zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito. Blog iyi ichita kusanthula mozama kapangidwe ka makina otsukira udzu a petulo, kukuthandizani kupeza malingaliro aukadaulo kuti muwunikire bwino ndikusankha zinthu zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zosowa zamsika.​

1. Dongosolo Lamphamvu Kwambiri: "Mtima" wa Makina Odulira Udzu a Petroli​
Dongosolo lamagetsi ndiye mphamvu yaikulu yoyendetsera makina odulira udzu a petulo, zomwe zimatsimikiza momwe makinawo amagwirira ntchito bwino, momwe mafuta amagwiritsidwira ntchito, komanso nthawi yomwe amagwirira ntchito. Kwa ogula ambiri, kumvetsetsa tsatanetsatane wa dongosolo lamagetsi kungakuthandizeni kusiyanitsa mitundu ya zinthu ndikuzigwirizanitsa ndi malo osiyanasiyana pamsika (monga momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito m'nyumba, m'mabizinesi, kapena m'mafakitale).
1.1 Injini ya Petroli: Gwero la Mphamvu Yaikulu​
Injini ya petulo ya makina odulira udzu nthawi zambiri imakhala injini yozizira mpweya ya silinda imodzi yokhala ndi ma stroke anayi (zinthu zochepa zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ma injini a ma stroke awiri, koma pang'onopang'ono zimachotsedwa chifukwa cha mpweya wambiri komanso phokoso). Zigawo zake zazikulu ndi izi:
Silinda Block ndi Piston: Yopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yamphamvu kwambiri, imakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yotenthetsera kutentha ndipo imatha kusinthasintha kuti igwire ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali (ma diameter a silinda wamba amakhala kuyambira 50mm mpaka 75mm, ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala pakati pa 140cc ndi 220cc). Kwa makina odulira udzu amalonda, silinda block nthawi zambiri imakonzedwa ndi ukadaulo wopaka nickel kuti iwonjezere kukana kuwonongeka.​
Carburetor: Imagwira ntchito yosakaniza mafuta ndi mpweya mu chiŵerengero cholondola (chiŵerengero chabwino kwambiri ndi 14.7:1 kuti kuyaka kwathunthu kukhale koyaka). Makina odulira udzu abwino kwambiri ali ndi ma carburetor amtundu woyandama okhala ndi zida zoletsa kugwedezeka, zomwe zimatha kupewa kutayikira kwa mafuta komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwa zida panthawi yogwira ntchito ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mphamvu yotuluka ikuyenda bwino.​
Dongosolo Loyatsira: Limapangidwa makamaka ndi choyatsira moto ndi pulagi ya spark. Choyatsira motocho chimasintha mphamvu yamagetsi yochepa ya batri kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi yapamwamba (mpaka 20,000V), yomwe imapanga mphamvu yamagetsi kudzera mu pulagi ya spark kuti iyatse mafuta. Kwa ogula ogulitsa ambiri, ndikofunikira kusamala ngati pulagi ya spark imagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wodziwika bwino (monga NGK kapena Bosch), chifukwa izi zimakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito oyatsira moto komanso magwiridwe antchito a injini.​
Fyuluta ya Mpweya: Imaletsa fumbi ndi zinyalala kulowa mu injini ndikupangitsa kuti ziwonongeke. Makina odulira udzu amalonda nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zosefera za mpweya ziwiri (fyuluta ya pepala + fyuluta ya thovu), zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu yosefera yoposa 99% ndipo zimatha kusintha malo ogwirira ntchito ovuta (monga udzu wouma komanso wafumbi).
1.2 Dongosolo la Mafuta: Kuonetsetsa Kuti Mafuta Akupezeka Mokhazikika​
Dongosolo la mafuta limaphatikizapo thanki yamafuta, chitoliro chamafuta, ndi fyuluta yamafuta, ndipo kapangidwe kake kamayang'ana kwambiri chitetezo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mafuta:
Tanki yamafuta: Kuchuluka kwake nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 1.5L ndi 3.5L. Zinthu zamalonda zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zokhuthala kwambiri za polyethylene (HDPE) kuti zisatayike mafuta ndi dzimbiri. Nthawi yomweyo, thanki yamafuta imakhala ndi zenera lowonekera bwino la mafuta, lomwe ndi losavuta kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kuwona kuchuluka kwa mafuta nthawi iliyonse.​
Fyuluta ya Mafuta: Ikayikidwa pamalo olowera chitoliro cha mafuta, imasefa zinyalala zomwe zili mu mafuta (monga matope ndi dzimbiri) kuti isatseke carburetor. Mafyuluta amafuta abwino kwambiri amagwiritsa ntchito maukonde achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kapena zinthu zosefera za nayiloni, zomwe zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito ndipo zimatha kutsukidwa ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito.​

2. Njira Yodulira: "Tsamba Lakuthwa" Lodulira Moyenera​
Dongosolo lodulira limatsimikiza mwachindunji momwe kudula udzu kumakhalira (monga kusalala kwa kudula udzu ndi kutalika kwa chiputu) ndipo ndiye gawo lofunikira kwambiri lomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amasamala nalo kwambiri. Kwa ogula ogulitsa ambiri, kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwa njira zodulira kungakuthandizeni kupangira zinthu zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa za madera osiyanasiyana (monga udzu wokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya udzu ndi kutalika kwake).
2.1 Deck Yodulira: "Chonyamulira" cha Dongosolo Lodulira​
Chigoba chodulira ndi chipolopolo chomwe chimaphimba tsamba lodulira, ndipo zinthu zake, mawonekedwe ake, ndi kukula kwake zonse zimakhudza bwino komanso kulimba kwa kudula:
Zipangizo: Zipangizo zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo mbale zachitsulo zozungulira zozizira (makulidwe a 1.5mm-2.5mm) ndi aluminiyamu (makulidwe a 3mm-4mm). Ma deki achitsulo ali ndi mphamvu zambiri ndipo ndi oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamalonda (monga kudula udzu waukulu), koma amafunika mankhwala oletsa dzimbiri (monga kupopera ndi magetsi kapena galvanizing); ma deki a aluminiyamu ndi opepuka komanso osapsa ndi dzimbiri, ndipo ndi otchuka kwambiri m'misika yanyumba (makamaka m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja okhala ndi chinyezi).
Mawonekedwe ndi Kukula: Denga lodulira nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ngati dome, zomwe zimachepetsa kukana kwa mpweya panthawi yogwira ntchito ndikupewa kudula udzu kuti usakunjikane. M'lifupi mwake muli kuyambira 46cm (gawo la nyumba) mpaka 76cm (gawo lamalonda). Mwachitsanzo, denga lodulira la 53cm limatha kudula malo okwana pafupifupi 1,500 sq.m pa ola limodzi, zomwe ndizoyenera udzu waung'ono ndi wapakati; denga lodulira la 76cm ndiloyenera udzu wa malo akuluakulu monga mabwalo a gofu ndi mapaki.​
Njira Yotulutsira Udzu: Denga lodulira limapangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya udzu wotulutsa udzu malinga ndi zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito:
Kutulutsa udzu m'mbali: Koyenera kudula udzu wokulirapo (kutalika kwa zinyalala kupitirira 15cm), ndipo zodula udzu zimatulutsidwa m'mbali mwa denga, zomwe sizophweka kuzitseka.
Zotengera Kumbuyo: Zili ndi thumba losonkhanitsira udzu (lokhala ndi mphamvu ya 50L-80L), lomwe ndi loyenera ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amafunika kuyeretsa zoduladula za udzu (monga udzu wokhala m'nyumba ndi malo okongola).
Kuphimba: Malo odulira ali ndi tsamba lophimba ndi chotchingira, chomwe chimaphwanya udzu wodulidwa kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikuubwezera kunthaka ngati feteleza. Njirayi ndi yoteteza chilengedwe ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'misika ya ku Europe ndi America.
2.2 Tsamba Lodulira: "Chida Chachikulu" Chodulira Udzu​
Tsamba lodulira ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza udzu mwachindunji, ndipo zinthu zake, mawonekedwe ake, ndi chiwerengero chake zimatsimikizira momwe kudula kumachitikira:
Zipangizo: Masamba odulira apamwamba kwambiri amapangidwa ndi chitsulo cha masika cha 65Mn kapena chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 420. Chitsulo cha masika cha 65Mn chili ndi kuuma kwakukulu (HRC 45-50) komanso kulimba bwino, komwe kumatha kupirira kugundana ndi miyala ndi nthambi panthawi yodula; chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 420 chili ndi kukana dzimbiri bwino ndipo ndi choyenera malo ogwirira ntchito okhala ndi chinyezi.​
Mawonekedwe: Mawonekedwe wamba a masamba amakhala ndi masamba owongoka ndi masamba opindika:
Masamba Olunjika: Oyenera kudula udzu waufupi (kutalika kwa zipupa pansi pa 10cm) ndipo ali ndi malo odulira athyathyathya.
Masamba Ozungulira: Amadziwikanso kuti "masamba ophimba udzu", ali ndi kapangidwe kozungulira komwe kangapangitse mpweya wamphamvu kuti uswe udzu wodulidwa kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono, komwe ndi koyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pophimba udzu.
Chiwerengero cha Masamba: Mapangidwe a tsamba limodzi amapezeka kwambiri m'makina odulira udzu okhala m'nyumba (m'lifupi mwake ndi pansi pa 50cm), pomwe mapangidwe a masamba awiri kapena atatu amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makina odulira udzu ogulitsa (m'lifupi mwake ndi pamwamba pa 53cm). Masamba angapo amatha kupititsa patsogolo luso lodulira ndikupangitsa udzu kukhala wofanana.​

3. Njira Yotumizira ndi Kuyenda: Kuonetsetsa Kuti Ntchito Ikuyenda Bwino​
Dongosolo lotumizira ndi loyendera limayendetsa mphamvu ya injini ku mawilo (kapena njira yoyendera) kuti makina odulira udzu ayende bwino. Kwa ogula ambiri, mtundu wa makina otumizira umakhudza mwachindunji mtengo wa chinthucho ndi momwe chimagwiritsidwira ntchito.​
3.1 Dongosolo Lotumizira: Mphamvu Yotumizira Mphamvu​
Makina otumizira udzu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito podula udzu pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi monga kutumiza ndi manja ndi kutumiza zokha:
Kutumiza Manja: Kumadziwikanso kuti "kutumiza magiya", kuli ndi magiya awiri kapena atatu kutsogolo ndi giya imodzi yobwerera m'mbuyo. Wogwiritsa ntchito amafunika kusintha magiya pamanja kuti asinthe liwiro loyenda. Mtundu uwu wa makina otumizira uli ndi kapangidwe kosavuta komanso mtengo wotsika wokonza, ndipo ndi woyenera makina odulira udzu okhala m'nyumba (mitengo yake ndi 200−400).​
Kutumiza Mwachangu: Kuphatikizapo kutumiza kwa hydrostatic ndi kutumiza kwa lamba wosinthasintha:
Kutumiza kwa Madzi Osasintha: Kumagwiritsa ntchito mafuta a hydraulic potumiza mphamvu, ndipo wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kusintha liwiro loyenda pokankhira chowongolera liwiro (kusintha liwiro popanda sitepe). Mtundu uwu wa makina otumizira uli ndi ntchito yosalala komanso yogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, ndipo ndi woyenera makina odulira udzu amalonda (mitengo yake ndi 800−1,500). Imatha kusintha kuti igwire ntchito nthawi yayitali ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ntchito zodulira udzu m'malo akuluakulu.​
Kutumiza kwa Lamba Wosinthasintha: Kumagwiritsa ntchito lamba wosinthasintha kuti asinthe chiŵerengero cha kutumiza, ndipo kusintha kwa liwiro kumakhala kosavuta kuposa kutumiza kwamanja. Ndi njira yotumizira yapakati, yoyenera makina odulira udzu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono (mitengo ndi: 400−700).​
3.2 Njira Yoyendera: Chithandizo cha Kuyenda​
Njira yoyendera imaphatikizapo mawilo, ma axles, ndi zomangira zoyimitsira (zazinthu zapamwamba kwambiri):
Mawilo: Mawilo akutsogolo nthawi zambiri amakhala ang'onoang'ono (m'mimba mwake 15cm-20cm) kuti chiwongolero chikhale chosinthasintha, ndipo mawilo akumbuyo amakhala akuluakulu (m'mimba mwake 25cm-35cm) kuti apereke mphamvu yokoka. Zipangizo za mawilo ndi rabara yokhala ndi mapatani osatsetsereka, zomwe zingathandize kuti udzu ugwire bwino pa udzu wonyowa kapena wotsetsereka. Kwa makina odulira udzu amalonda, mawilo akumbuyo ali ndi matayala abwino obiriwira (okhala ndi mapatani osaya) kuti asawononge udzu.​
Axle: Axle yakutsogolo nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi axle yolimba yachitsulo (yoyendetsera), ndipo axle yakumbuyo ndi axle yoyendetsa (yolumikizidwa ku makina otumizira). Ma axle apamwamba kwambiri amakonzedwa ndi kuzimitsa ndi kutenthetsa kuti awonjezere mphamvu yawo yonyamula katundu (mphamvu yayikulu yonyamula katundu ya ma axle amalonda imatha kufika 150kg).​
Kapangidwe ka Kuyimitsidwa: Makina odulira udzu apamwamba okha ndi omwe ali ndi choyimitsira chakutsogolo (pogwiritsa ntchito masipuling'i kapena zoyatsira moto), zomwe zingachepetse kugwedezeka kwa malo odulira panthawi yogwira ntchito ndikuwonetsetsa kuti malo odulira udzu (makamaka pa udzu wosafanana) ndi osalala.​

4. Dongosolo Lolamulira ndi Chitetezo: Kutsimikizira Chitetezo cha Ogwiritsa Ntchito​
Dongosolo lowongolera ndi chitetezo ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la makina odulira udzu a petulo, lomwe silimangotsimikizira kuti ogwiritsa ntchito azigwiritsa ntchito mosavuta komanso limaletsa ngozi zachitetezo (monga kuyambitsa mwangozi ndi kuvulala kwa tsamba). Kwa ogula ambiri, kukwanira kwa dongosolo lachitetezo ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakutsata miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi (monga CE, EPA, ndi CARB).​
4.1 Dongosolo Lolamulira: Chiyankhulo Chogwiritsira Ntchito Ogwiritsa Ntchito​
Dongosolo lowongolera limayang'ana kwambiri chogwirira, kuphatikiza zigawo zotsatirazi:
Kuwongolera Kuyambitsa Injini: Pali mitundu iwiri ya njira zoyambira: kuyambitsanso ndi kuyambitsa kwamagetsi:
Kuyambitsa Kubwerera: Wogwiritsa ntchito amakoka chingwe chobwerera kuti ayendetse injini kuti iyambe. Njirayi ili ndi kapangidwe kosavuta koma imafuna mphamvu inayake, ndipo ndi yoyenera injini zazing'ono zosinthira (zosakwana 160cc).
Kuyambitsa Kwamagetsi: Wogwiritsa ntchito amadina batani loyambira kuti ayambitse injini kudzera mu batire (batire ya 12V lead-acid). Njirayi ndi yosavuta komanso yachangu, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu makina odulira udzu amalonda komanso mainjini akuluakulu othamangitsira (opitirira 180cc).​
Chowongolera Liwiro: Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha liwiro la injini (liwiro lopanda ntchito ndi liwiro logwira ntchito). Liwiro lopanda ntchito nthawi zambiri limakhala 1,500-2,000 rpm (potenthetsera injini), ndipo liwiro logwira ntchito ndi 3,000-3,600 rpm (pochekera).​
Chowongolera Kuyenda: Pa makina odulira udzu odziyimira pawokha, liwiro loyenda limasinthidwa pokankhira chodulira (liwiro la kutsogolo: 0.8-6 km/h, liwiro lobwerera m'mbuyo: 0.5-3 km/h). Pa makina odulira udzu odziyimira pawokha, giya limasunthidwa ndi chodulira giya.​
4.2 Njira Yachitetezo: Chitsimikizo Chopewera Ngozi​
Chitetezo cha makina odulira udzu a petulo chiyenera kutsatira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi izi:
Clutch Yoteteza Masamba: Wogwiritsa ntchito akamasula chogwirira (kapena akakanikiza batani loyimitsa mwadzidzidzi), clutch imachotsedwa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo tsamba limasiya kuzungulira mkati mwa masekondi atatu kuti apewe kuvulala mwangozi.
Chosinthira Choteteza Injini: Chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti "chosinthira chakufa", ngati wogwiritsa ntchito achoka pamalo ogwirira ntchito, chosinthiracho chidzangodula mphamvu ya injini kuti iyimitse injini.
Valavu Yotetezera Tanki Yamafuta: Imaletsa kutayikira kwa mafuta pamene chotsukira udzu chikupendekeka (monga poyeretsa malo odulira kapena kusuntha zida).
Chophimba Choteteza: Denga lodulira lili ndi chotetezera chachitsulo kuti udzu ndi zinyalala zisagwere ndikuvulaza wogwiritsa ntchito.

5. Zofunika Kuganizira Pakapangidwe ka Kapangidwe ka Nyumba kwa Ogula Ogulitsa
Posankha makina odulira udzu a petulo kuti agulitsidwe, kuwonjezera pa kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka gawo lililonse, muyeneranso kulabadira tsatanetsatane wa kapangidwe ka nyumba kuti mukwaniritse zosowa za misika yosiyanasiyana:
Kulemera ndi Kunyamulika: Makina odulira udzu okhala m'nyumba ayenera kukhala opepuka (osakwana 35kg) kuti aziyenda mosavuta komanso kusungidwa mosavuta; makina odulira udzu ogulitsa akhoza kukhala olemera (olemera 45kg-80kg) koma amafunika kukhala ndi chogwirira kuti azinyamula mosavuta.​
Kukonza Kosavuta: Denga lodulira liyenera kukhala losavuta kung'amba (ndi mabotolo otulutsa mwachangu) kuti liyeretse tsamba ndikuyikanso fyuluta ya mpweya; doko lodzaza mafuta a injini ndi doko lotulutsira mafuta ziyenera kupangidwa pamalo abwino kuti zithandize kusintha mafuta.​
Kusinthasintha ndi Malo Ozungulira: M'madera okwera kwambiri (monga Mapiri a Andes ndi Himalayas), injini iyenera kukhala ndi carburetor yokwera kwambiri (kuti isinthe chiŵerengero cha mafuta ndi mpweya kuti chigwirizane ndi mpweya wochepa); m'madera ozizira (monga Southeast Asia ndi South America), malo odulira ndi chimango ziyenera kukonzedwa ndi anti-dzimbiri (monga hot-dip galvanizing kapena powder coating).
Kutsatira Ziphaso Zapadziko Lonse: Chogulitsacho chiyenera kutsatira miyezo yotulutsa mpweya yomwe msika ukufuna (monga EPA Tier 4 ku United States, EU Stage V ku Europe, ndi muyezo wa China's National IV) ndi ziphaso zachitetezo (monga CE, GS, ndi UL). Kapangidwe ka kapangidwe kake kayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za ziphasozi (monga kutalika kwa chivundikiro choteteza komanso kukhudzidwa kwa switch yotetezera).

Mapeto​
Kapangidwe ka makina odulira udzu a petulo ndi njira yolumikizirana mwadongosolo ya zida zamagetsi, kudula, kutumiza, ndi chitetezo. Kapangidwe ndi ubwino wa chida chilichonse zimakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito, kulimba, komanso zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito. Kwa ogula ogulitsa ambiri ochokera kumayiko ena, kumvetsetsa bwino za kapangidwe kake kungakuthandizeni:
Ikani zinthu moyenera (zokhala m'nyumba, zamalonda, kapena zamafakitale) kuti zikwaniritse zosowa za magulu osiyanasiyana amsika.
Perekani chithandizo chaukadaulo kwa makasitomala otsika (monga kufotokozera njira zosamalira makina otumizira ndi kusintha kwa tsamba lodulira).
Konzani bwino kayendetsedwe ka zinthu (monga kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri monga masamba ndi zosefera mpweya).