Imiterere y'icyuma gikata uburoso

Imiterere y'Umuyoboro w'Imashini Ikata Ubwatsi bwa lisansi: Ubuyobozi Burambuye ku Baguzi Mpuzamahanga b'Ubwinshi​

Ku baguzi mpuzamahanga b'inzobere mu bucuruzi bunini mu nganda z'ubuhinzi n'ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi, basobanukiwe imiterere y'ibi imashini zo kogosha ubwatsi za lisansi Ntabwo ari ishingiro ryo guhitamo ibicuruzwa gusa, ahubwo ni n'ingenzi mu gutanga ubufasha bwa tekiniki ku bakiriya bo hasi no kunoza imicungire y'ibikoresho. Imashini yo kogosha ubwatsi ya lisansi nziza ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibice byinshi by'ingenzi, buri kimwe muri byo bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y'ibicuruzwa, kuramba kwabyo, n'uburambe bw'umukoresha. Iyi blog izakora isesengura ryimbitse ry'imiterere y'imashini zo kogosha ubwatsi za lisansi, bigufashe kubona icyerekezo cy'umwuga kugira ngo usuzume neza kandi uhitemo ibicuruzwa bihuye n'ibyo isoko rikeneye.​

1. Sisitemu y'Ingufu z'Imbere: "Umutima" w'Abakaraba Ubwatsi bwa lisansi
Sisitemu y'amashanyarazi ni yo mbaraga nyamukuru z'abakata ubwatsi bwa lisansi, ikagena imikorere myiza y'ibikoresho, ikoreshwa rya lisansi, n'igihe byakoreshejwe. Ku baguzi bagurisha ku bucuruzi bwinshi, gusobanukirwa ibisobanuro birambuye by'iyi sisitemu y'amashanyarazi bishobora kugufasha gutandukanya ingano y'ibicuruzwa no kubihuza n'aho isoko riherereye (nk'aho batuye, mu bucuruzi, cyangwa mu nganda).
1.1 Moteri ya lisansi: Isoko ry'Ingufu z'Ishingiro​
Moteri ya lisansi y'imashini ikata ubwatsi ubusanzwe ni moteri ikonjeshwa n'umwuka ifite silinda imwe ifite imiterere ine (umubare muto w'ibikoresho biciriritse bikoresha moteri zifite imiterere ibiri, ariko bigenda bigabanuka buhoro buhoro bitewe n'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere n'urusaku rwinshi). Ibice byayo by'ingenzi birimo:
Cylinder Block na Piston: Ikozwe mu cyuma gikomeye cya aluminiyumu, ifite ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe kandi ishobora kwitwara neza mu gihe kirekire (umurambararo wa cylinder usanzwe uri hagati ya mm 50 na mm 75, kandi ubusanzwe ni hagati ya cm 140 na cm 220). Ku bakase ubwatsi bo mu rwego rwo hejuru, cylinder block ikunze kuvugururwa n'ikoranabuhanga rya nickel-plating kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bwo kwangirika.​
Kabureta: Ishinzwe kuvanga lisansi n'umwuka mu gipimo nyacyo (igipimo cyiza ni 14.7:1 kugira ngo umuriro utwikwe neza). Imashini zo guca ubwatsi nziza zifite kabureta zo mu bwoko bwa float zifite imiterere irwanya gutigita, zishobora kwirinda gusohoka kwa lisansi guterwa no guhindagura kw'ibikoresho mu gihe cyo gukora no kwemeza ko ingufu zihoraho.​
Sisitemu yo Gutwika: Igizwe ahanini na koyili yo gutwika n'agasanduku k'ingufu. Koyili yo gutwika ihindura umuvuduko muto wa batiri mo umuvuduko mwinshi (kugeza kuri 20.000V), utanga umuriro w'amashanyarazi binyuze muri koyili yo gutwika kugira ngo ivange lisansi. Ku baguzi bagurishije, ni ngombwa kwitondera niba koyili yo gutwika ikoresha ikirango kizwi cyane (nka NGK cyangwa Bosch), kuko ibi bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere y'ingufu no ku mikorere y'ingufu za moteri.​
Akayunguruzo k'umwuka: Karinda ivumbi n'imyanda kwinjira muri moteri bigatera kwangirika. Abakase ubwatsi bo mu rwego rwo hejuru bakoresha akayunguruzo k'umwuka gafite ibyiciro bibiri (akayunguruzo k'impapuro + akayunguruzo k'ifuro), gafite ubushobozi bwo kuyungurura burenga 99% kandi gashobora kwimenyereza ahantu habi ho gukorera (nk'ubwatsi bwumye n'ubushyuhe).
1.2 Sisitemu ya lisansi: Gutanga lisansi mu buryo buhamye
Sisitemu ya lisansi irimo ikigega cya lisansi, umuyoboro wa lisansi, na filter ya lisansi, kandi imiterere yayo yibanda ku mutekano no gukoresha neza lisansi:
Ikigega cya lisansi: Ubusanzwe ubushobozi bwacyo buri hagati ya litiro 1.5 na 3.5. Ibicuruzwa byo mu rwego rw'ubucuruzi bizakoresha ibikoresho bikomeye bya polyethylene (HDPE) kugira ngo birinde gusohoka no kwangirika kw'ibikomoka kuri peteroli. Muri icyo gihe, ikigega cya lisansi gifite idirishya ribonerana ripima peteroli, ibyo bikaba byoroshye ku bakoresha kugenzura ingano ya lisansi igihe icyo ari cyo cyose.
Akayunguruzo ka lisansi: Gashyirwa ku nzira y’umuyoboro wa lisansi, gasukura imyanda iri muri lisansi (nk’ibisigazwa n’ingese) kugira ngo kaburireteri idafunga. Akayunguruzo ka lisansi keza gakoresha utwuma tw’icyuma kitagira umugese cyangwa ibintu bya nylon, bimara igihe kirekire kandi bishobora gusukurwa no kongera gukoreshwa.​

2. Uburyo bwo Gukata: "Urusasu Runini" rwo Gukata neza
Sisitemu yo guca igena mu buryo butaziguye ingaruka zo guca ubwatsi (nk'ubugari bw'ibyatsi n'uburebure bw'ibishyimbo) kandi ni cyo gice cy'ingenzi abakoresha bakunze kwitaho cyane. Ku baguzi bagurishije, gusobanukirwa itandukaniro riri hagati y'uburyo bwo guca ubwatsi bishobora kugufasha gutanga inama ku bicuruzwa bihuye n'ibyo uturere dutandukanye (nk'ubwatsi bufite ubwoko butandukanye bw'ubwatsi n'uburebure butandukanye).
2.1 Igikoresho cyo Gukata: "Igikoresho" cya Sisitemu yo Gukata​
Igikonoshwa cyo gukata ni igikonoshwa gipfuka icyuma cyo gukata, kandi ibikoresho byacyo, imiterere yacyo, n'ingano yacyo byose bigira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza no kuramba kwacyo:
Ibikoresho: Ibikoresho bisanzwe birimo ibyuma bikonjesha (ubunini bwa 1.5mm-2.5mm) n'icyuma cya aluminiyumu (ubunini bwa 3mm-4mm). Amadirishya y'icyuma afite imbaraga nyinshi kandi akwiriye gukoreshwa mu bucuruzi (nko guca ubwatsi bunini), ariko akeneye imiti irwanya ingese (nk'ikoreshwa mu gutera amashanyarazi cyangwa gukoresha galvanizing); amadirishya y'icyuma cya aluminiyumu ni yoroshye kandi arwanya ingese, kandi akunzwe cyane mu masoko yo guturamo (cyane cyane mu bice by'inyanja bikonje).
Imiterere n'ingano: Ubusanzwe icyuma gikata gikozwe mu ishusho y'igicumbi, gishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bwo kwirinda umwuka mu gihe cyo gukora no kwirinda ko ibyatsi bigabanuka. Ubugari bw'icyuma gikata buri hagati ya cm 46 (urwego rw'amazu) na cm 76 (urwego rw'ubucuruzi). Urugero, icyuma gikata cya cm 53 gishobora gukata ahantu hangana na metero kare 1.500 ku isaha, bikaba bikwiriye ku busitani buto n'ubuciriritse; icyuma gikata cya cm 76 kibereye ku busitani bunini nko ku bibuga bya golf na pariki.
Uburyo bwo gusohora ibyatsi: Ahantu ho gukata hakozwe mu buryo butandukanye bwo gusohora ibyatsi bitewe n'ibyo umukoresha akeneye:
Gusohora ku ruhande: Bikwiriye gutema ibyatsi birebire (uburebure bw'ibihuru burenga cm 15), kandi ibyatsi biciwe biva ku ruhande rw'aho hantu, ibyo bikaba bigoye kubifunga.
Ikusanyirizo ry’inyuma: Rifite agakapu ko gukusanya ibyatsi (gafite ubushobozi bwa 50L-80L), kabereye abakoresha bakeneye gusukura ibyatsi byaciwe (nk'ubusitani bwo guturamo n'ahantu nyaburanga).
Gupfuka: Ahantu ho gukata hari icyuma cyo gupfuka n'icyuma gipfuka ubwatsi, gica ibyatsi byaciwe mo uduce duto hanyuma kikabisubiza mu butaka nk'ifumbire. Ubu buryo ni bwiza ku bidukikije kandi bukoreshwa cyane mu masoko y'i Burayi na Amerika.
2.2 Icyuma cyo Gukata: "Igikoresho cy'ingenzi" cyo Gukata Ibyatsi​
Urushinge rwo gukata ni rwo rukora ku byatsi, kandi ibikoresho byabyo, imiterere yabyo, n'umubare wabyo bigena ingaruka zo gukata:
Ibikoresho: Ibyuma byo gukata byiza cyane bikozwe mu cyuma cya metero 65 cyangwa icyuma cya metero 420. Icyuma cya metero 65 gifite ubukana bwinshi (HRC 45-50) kandi gikomeye neza, gishobora kwihanganira ingaruka z'amabuye n'amashami mu gihe cyo gutema; icyuma cya metero 420 gifite ubukana bwiza bwo kwangirika kandi kibereye ahantu hakonje.​
Imiterere: Imiterere y'icyuma gisanzwe irimo ibyuma bigororotse n'ibyuma bigoramye:
Uduti duto: Bikwiriye gutema ubwatsi bugufi (uburebure bw'ibihuru buri munsi ya cm 10) kandi bifite ubuso burambuye bwo gutema.
Uduti twometse: Tuzwi kandi nka "uduti two mu bwoko bwa mulching", dufite imiterere y’uruziga ishobora gutanga umwuka ukomeye wo gusya ibyatsi bikavamo uduce duto, bikaba bikwiriye gukoreshwa mu gusana.
Umubare w'Intambi: Imiterere y'intambi imwe ikunze gukoreshwa mu ntambi zo mu rugo (ubugari buri munsi ya cm 50), mu gihe imiterere y'intambi ebyiri cyangwa eshatu ikoreshwa mu ntambi zo mu rugo (ubugari burenze cm 53). Intambi nyinshi zishobora kunoza imikorere yo gukata no gutuma ubwatsi burushaho kuba bumwe.​

3. Sisitemu yo gutwara no kugenda: Gutuma imikorere ihoraho​
Sisitemu yo kohereza no kugenda ni yo ishinzwe kohereza imbaraga za moteri ku mapine (cyangwa uburyo bwo kugenda) kugira ngo imashini yo kogosha ubwatsi ikore neza. Ku baguzi bagurishije, ubwoko bwa sisitemu yo kohereza bigira ingaruka ku giciro cy’ibicuruzwa n’uburyo bikoreshwa.
3.1 Sisitemu yo Gukwirakwiza: Ingufu zo Gukwirakwiza Ingufu​
Uburyo busanzwe bwo kohereza lisansi ku mashini zikata ubwatsi burimo kohereza lisansi n'intoki hamwe no kohereza lisansi mu buryo bwikora:
Kohereza ibikoresho hakoreshejwe intoki: Bizwi kandi nka "kohereza ibikoresho", bifite moteri 2-3 zo imbere n'imwe yo gusubira inyuma. Umukoresha agomba guhindura moteri intoki kugira ngo ahindure umuvuduko w'urugendo. Ubu bwoko bwa sisitemu yo kohereza ibikoresho bufite imiterere yoroshye kandi ikiguzi gito cyo kubungabunga, kandi bukwiriye abakata ubwatsi bo mu rugo (igiciro: 200−400).
Kohereza ubutumwa mu buryo bwikora: Harimo kohereza ubutumwa bukoresha amazi n'umukandara uhindagurika:
Gukwirakwiza amazi mu buryo bwa Hydrostatic: Ikoresha amavuta ya hydraulic mu kohereza ingufu, kandi umukoresha ashobora guhindura umuvuduko w'urugendo akoresheje uburyo bwo kugenzura umuvuduko (guhindura umuvuduko nta ntambwe). Ubu bwoko bwa sisitemu yo kohereza bufite imikorere myiza kandi bukora neza cyane, kandi bukwiriye abakata ubwatsi mu rwego rwo kugurisha (igiciro: 800−1,500). Ishobora kwihuza n'imikorere y'igihe kirekire kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu bikorwa byo guca ubwatsi mu gace kanini.​
Ihererekanya ry'umukandara w'umuvuduko uhindagurika: Ikoresha umukandara w'umuvuduko uhindagurika kugira ngo ihindure igipimo cy'ihererekanya ry'umuvuduko, kandi ihererekanya ry'umuvuduko riragoye kurusha ihererekanya ry'intoki. Ni igisubizo cyo gutwara ibintu mu ntera iri hagati, kibereye abakata ubwatsi mu ntera nto (igiciro: 400−700).
3.2 Sisitemu yo kugenda: Inkunga yo kugenda​
Sisitemu yo kugenda irimo amapine, imigozi, n'ibikoresho byo kuyihagarika (ku bicuruzwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru):
Amapine: Amapine y'imbere akenshi aba ari mato (umurambararo wa cm 15-20) kugira ngo afashe kuyobora neza, naho amapine y'inyuma akaba manini (umurambararo wa cm 25-35) kugira ngo afashe neza. Ibikoresho by'amapine ni umupira ufite imiterere idacika, ushobora kunoza uburyo bwo gufata ubusitani butose cyangwa buhanamye. Ku mashini zo guca ubusitani zikoreshwa mu bucuruzi, amapine y'inyuma afite amapine yoroshye ubwatsi (afite imiterere mito) kugira ngo adakwangiza ubuso bw'ubusitani.
Umuzingo: Umuzingo w'imbere ubusanzwe ni umuzingo ukomeye w'icyuma (wo kuyobora), naho umuzingo w'inyuma ni umuzingo uyobora (uhujwe na sisitemu yo kohereza). Umuzingo w'imbere ufite ubuziranenge buhanitse utunganywa no gushyushya kugira ngo wongere ubushobozi bwo gutwara imizigo (ubushobozi ntarengwa bwo gutwara imizigo bw'umuzingo w'ubucuruzi bushobora kugera kuri 150kg).
Imiterere y'imashini yo gukata ibyatsi: Imashini zo mu bwoko bwa "hair classy" zo mu rwego rwo hejuru gusa nizo zifite "suspension" y'imbere (ikoresha "spirings" cyangwa "shock absorbers"), zishobora kugabanya "vidiness" y'aho gukata ibyatsi bikorerwa mu gihe cyo gukora no kwemeza ko ubuso bwo gukata ibyatsi bugororotse (cyane cyane ku busitani butaringaniye).

4. Sisitemu yo kugenzura no kurinda umutekano: Kwizeza umutekano w'imikorere y'umukoresha
Sisitemu yo kugenzura no gucunga umutekano ni igice cyingenzi cy’imashini zikata ubwatsi za lisansi, ibyo bikaba bitanga uburenganzira ku bakoresha gusa, ahubwo binarinda impanuka z’umutekano (nk’izitangira ku bw’impanuka no gukomereka kw’icyuma). Ku baguzi bagurisha ibintu byinshi, kuba sisitemu y’umutekano yuzuye ni ingenzi mu kubahiriza amahame mpuzamahanga agenga impamyabushobozi (nk’izigenga, EPA, na CARB).
4.1 Sisitemu yo Kugenzura: Uburyo Umukoresha Akoresha
Sisitemu yo kugenzura ikoreshwa cyane cyane ku mukingo, harimo n'ibi bikurikira:
Uburyo bwo Gutangiza Moteri: Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'uburyo bwo gutangiza: Gutangiza icyuma gisubira inyuma n'uburyo bwo gutangiza amashanyarazi:
Gutangiza Gusubiramo: Umukoresha akurura umugozi wo gusubiramo kugira ngo ayobore moteri kugira ngo itangire. Ubu buryo bufite imiterere yoroshye ariko busaba imbaraga runaka, kandi bukwiriye moteri ntoya (munsi ya cc 160).
Gutangiza hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi: Umukoresha akanda buto yo gutangiza kugira ngo atangize moteri anyuze muri bateri (bateri ya 12V ikoresha aside y'icyitegererezo). Ubu buryo bworoshye kandi bwihuse, kandi bukoreshwa cyane mu byuma byo kogosha ubwatsi byo mu rwego rwo hejuru no mu moteri nini (zirenga cc 180).
Igikoresho cyo kugenzura umuvuduko: Gikoreshwa mu guhindura umuvuduko wa moteri (umuvuduko udakora n'umuvuduko wo gukora). Umuvuduko udakora ubusanzwe ni 1.500-2.000 rpm (yo gushyushya moteri), naho umuvuduko wo gukora ni 3.000-3.600 rpm (yo gutema).
Igikoresho cyo kugenzura umuhanda: Ku mashini zikata ubwatsi zikoresha uburyo bwikora, umuvuduko wo kugenda uhindurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusunika igikoresho (umuvuduko wo kujya imbere: 0.8-6 km/h, umuvuduko wo gusubira inyuma: 0.5-3 km/h). Ku mashini zikata ubwatsi zikoresha intoki, mashini zizunguruka hakoreshejwe mashini ikata ubwatsi.
4.2 Sisitemu y'umutekano: Ingwate yo kwirinda impanuka​
Uburyo bwo kurinda umutekano w'imashini zikata ubwatsi zikoresheje lisansi bugomba kubahiriza amahame mpuzamahanga, kandi ibice by'ingenzi birimo:
Agakoresho k’umutekano w’inkoni: Iyo umukoresha arekuye umugozi (cyangwa agakanda buto yo guhagarika byihutirwa), agakoresho k’inkoni gahita gakurwaho, kandi agakoresho gahagarara kuzenguruka mu masegonda 3 kugira ngo hirindwe impanuka.
Ihinduranya ry’umutekano wa moteri: Rizwi kandi nka "ihinduranya ry’umuntu wapfuye", iyo umukoresha avuye aho akorera, ihinduranya ry’amashanyarazi rihita rihagarika moteri kugira ngo ihagarike moteri.
Valve yo kurinda lisansi mu gikoresho cya lisansi: Irinda ko lisansi isohoka iyo icyuma gikata ubwatsi gihengamye (nk'iyo gisukura aho gukata cyangwa kwimura ibikoresho).
Igipfundikizo cy’uburinzi: Ahantu ho gukata hari igipfundikizo cy’icyuma kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibyatsi n’imyanda byameneka bigakomeretsa umukoresha.

5. Ibitekerezo ku miterere y'inyubako ku baguzi bagurishije
Mu guhitamo imashini zo kogosha ubwatsi zikoreshwa mu bucuruzi bunini, uretse gusobanukirwa imiterere ya buri gice, ugomba kandi kwita ku miterere y'inyubako ikurikira kugira ngo uhuze n'ibyo amasoko atandukanye akeneye:
Uburemere n'uburyo bwo gutwara: Imashini zo kogosha ubwatsi zo mu rugo zigomba kuba zoroshye (zifite uburemere buri munsi ya 35kg) kugira ngo zorohe kuzitwara no kuzibika; imashini zo kogosha ubwatsi zo mu rwego rwo kugurisha zishobora kuba ziremereye (zifite uburemere hagati ya 45kg na 80kg) ariko zigomba kuba zifite umugozi wo kuziterura byoroshye.
Uburyo bwo Kubungabunga: Ahantu ho gukata hagomba kuba horoshye gukuraho (hakoreshejwe bolts zirekura vuba) kugira ngo hasukurwe icyuma no gusimbuza akayunguruzo k'umwuka; aho kuzuza amavuta ya moteri n'aho amashanyarazi anyura bigomba gutegurwa ahantu horoshye kugira ngo byorohereze guhindura amavuta.
Guhuza n'ibidukikije byo mu turere: Ku turere turi mu misozi miremire (nk'imisozi ya Andes na Himalaya), moteri igomba kuba ifite karubureteri yo mu misozi miremire (kugira ngo ihindure igipimo cy'amavuta n'umwuka kugira ngo ihuze n'umuvuduko muke w'umwuka); ku turere dutose (nk'Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba na Amerika y'Epfo), aho gukata n'umuyoboro bigomba guterwa umuti urinda ingese (nk'ingufu zishyushye cyangwa ifu).
Iyubahirizwa ry’Impamyabumenyi Mpuzamahanga: Igicuruzwa kigomba kubahiriza amahame ngenderwaho y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isoko ryihariye (nk’urugero rwa EPA Tier 4 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, EU Stage V mu Burayi, n’amahame ngenderwaho y’igihugu cy’Ubushinwa ya IV) hamwe n’ibyemezo by’umutekano (nk’urugero rwa CE, GS, na UL). Igishushanyo mbonera cy’imiterere kigomba kuba cyujuje ibisabwa n’izi mpamyabumenyi (nk’uburebure bw’igifuniko cy’uburinzi n’uburyo umuyoboro w’umutekano uhagaze).

Umwanzuro​
Imiterere ya imashini ikata ubwatsi ya lisansi ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibice by'amashanyarazi, gukata, kohereza, n'umutekano. Imiterere n'ubwiza bya buri gice bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y'igicuruzwa, kuramba kwacyo, n'ubunararibonye bw'umukoresha. Ku baguzi mpuzamahanga b'inzobere mu bucuruzi, gusobanukirwa neza imiterere y'ibicuruzwa bishobora kugufasha:
Shyira neza ibicuruzwa (by’amazu, iby’ubucuruzi, cyangwa iby’inganda) kugira ngo bihuze n’ibyo amasoko atandukanye akeneye.
Gutanga ubufasha bw’umwuga mu bya tekiniki ku bakiriya bo hasi (urugero nko gusobanura uburyo bwo kubungabunga sisitemu yo kohereza ubutumwa n’uburyo bwo gusimbuza icyuma gikata).
Kongera imicungire y’ibikoresho (urugero nko kongera ububiko bw’ibikoresho biramba cyane nk’ibyuma n’ibikoresho biyungurura umwuka).