Screwedi zikoresha amashanyarazi ni iki kandi ni gute wazihitamo?

Nta bwoko bw'icyuma gikingira umutekano gihari muri turuneviziyo ikoresha amashanyarazi, bityo imiterere y'imashini yoroshye, gutunganya biroroshye, kandi igiciro ni gito.

(1) Ubwoko bw'igenzura ritakoresha torque

Iki ni igikoresho cyo kuzimya umuriro kidakoresha ikoranabuhanga. Niba igikoresho cyo kuzimya umugozi cyarangiye cyangwa kitarangiye, igikoresho kigenwa n'umukoresha. Umukoresha agomba kwibanda ku kureba uko igikorwa kigenda. Nubwo igikorwa gihora gitekanye kandi gisaba imbaraga nyinshi, ubwiza bw'icyo gikorwa ntibushobora kwemezwa. Iyo umukoresha yemeje ko igikoresho kirangiye, ahagarika amashanyarazi kugira ngo arangize icyo gikorwa. Ariko, bitewe n'ingaruka z'ingufu zizenguruka nyuma y'ibura ry'amashanyarazi, umuyoboro cyangwa umwanya bikunze kwangirika; iyo umukoresha atitonze, byoroshye ko moteri ifunga feri igihe kirekire, bigagabanya igihe cyo kumara moteri n'imashini by'igikoresho. Ubu bwoko bw'igikoresho bwakoreshwaga ku bisindisha by'ibiti bifite ikwirakwira rinini mu minsi ya mbere, kandi umuvuduko wa spindle ntugomba kuba uri hejuru. Vuba aha, ntabwo byakoreshejwe. Ibikoresho byo kuzuza umufuka wo kuryamamo

Nubwo ibikoresho byuzuza imifuka yo kuryamamo birimo ipamba n'ipamba, mu rwego rwo kubika ubushyuhe, ipamba ifite ubushobozi bwo kubika ubushyuhe, yoroheje, yoroshye kuyipfunyika no kuyibika, kandi ni yo iramba cyane. Aha rero turashyiramo ibikoresho byo kuryamamo.

Kugeza ubu, icyuma gikingira imitsi kiracyari cyo gikoreshwa mu gukingira imitsi yo kuryamamo. Igikoresho gikingira imitsi akenshi kiba (ikijuju, umweru) cyangwa icyuma gikingira imitsi (muri rusange, icyuma gikingira imitsi kiruta icyuma gikingira imitsi). Imikorere yacyo iterwa n'ubwoko n'uburebure bw'icyuma gikoreshwa.

Mu bushakashatsi, twasanze bamwe mu bakoresha batita ku bwiza bakoresha Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi hamwe n'agace kazengurutse ko guteranya imisumari y'imbaho ​​ku bikoresho bya bisi. Nubwo igiciro cy'igikoresho kiri hasi, ubwiza bw'iteranya ntibushobora kugenzurwa bitewe n'umuvuduko ukabije w'imashini ikoresha amashanyarazi, bigatuma imyanda ivamo imyanda. Kwihorera byagaragaye vuba: imitwe y'imisumari yaguye ingese vuba (kuko igitambaro cy'umuyoboro cyangiritse na tournevis); imyenda y'abagenzi yaciwe n'imisumari (kuko imitwe imwe y'imisumari itari yicaye neza kandi yari miremire kurusha igikoresho cyo gukora); ibyuma byashushanyije byaracitse Cyangwa bikagwa (imisumari imwe irakomeye cyane kandi umurongo wayo uracika); icyuma gifata kiraturika cyangwa kigafunguka (imisumari imwe iracika). Ibi byose bigerwaho n'abantu bakunze gufata bisi na bisi.

(2) Ubwoko bwo kugenzura torque ya feri

Ni igikoresho kidahagarika amashanyarazi mu buryo bwikora. Voltage iba nyinshi, feri iba nini, kandi feri nayo iba nini. Nyuma y'uko vitesi igabanutse, feri nayo iba nini, kandi ibinyuranye n'ibyo. Igitekerezo cy'igishushanyo cya Ese?Ubu bwoko bwa screwdriver y'amashanyarazi ni ugukoresha transformer igenda imanuka kugira ngo ishyireho ama-robine menshi kandi ihindure voltage kugira ngo ihindure torque y'iteraniro. Iki gicuruzwa kiracyakorerwa mu gihugu imbere. Impamvu zikurikira zigaragaza ko ari icyitegererezo cya nyuma kandi kitifuzwa.

① Ku muvuduko runaka, umuvuduko wo gufunga wa moteri ntuhoraho. Hari impamvu ebyiri. Imwe ni uko kuzunguruka kwa moteri kwiyongera uko ubushyuhe bugenda bushira. Mu gihe cyo gufunga igihe gito gihoraho, ubushyuhe bwo kuzunguruka buhinduka bunini, bityo umuvuduko wo gufunga nawo uratandukanye cyane, kandi umuvuduko wo gufunga nawo uratandukanye; iya kabiri ni uko kuzunguruka kwa moteri kwiyongera uko ubushyuhe bugenda bushira. Umuvuduko wo gufunga wa moteri ya commutator ufitanye isano n'aho rotor iherereye mu gihe cyo gufunga. Iyo brush iri hagati y'ibice bibiri bya commutator, ikintu kimwe cyo gufunga gishyirwa ku murongo mugufi n'uburoso kandi nta muvuduko ubaho. Ahubwo, iyo nta gice cya commutator gishyirwa ku murongo mugufi n'uburoso, ibintu byose byo gufunga bikora kugira ngo bikore torque. Kubwibyo, biragaragara ko uko commutator plates nyinshi za moteri, ni ko ingaruka z'ahantu hatandukanye ha rotor ku muvuduko wo gufunga zigabanuka. Ikibabaje ni uko screwdriver z'amashanyarazi muri rusange zikoresha moteri nto za magnet DC. Rotor ntishobora kugira imyanya myinshi kandi ikoresha ibyuma byinshi bya commutator (imyanya itatu n'ibyuma bitatu byakoreshejwe mu minsi ya mbere, naho imyanya itanu n'ibyuma bitanu byarakoreshejwe nyuma. Muri iki gihe, imyanya irindwi n'ibyuma birindwi bikoreshwa mu mahanga. , hari n'imyanya irindwi n'ibice cumi na bine byo kugabanya umuvuduko wa torque). Hamwe no kwihanganira 10% by'amashanyarazi ya tagisi z'inganda, ni ibintu bigoye cyane kugenzura torque idahinduka ukoresheje ubu buryo, ni ukuvuga ko uburyo bwo kugenzura torque ari bubi cyane.

② Gufata feri kenshi si imikorere isanzwe ya moteri ntoya za magnetique DC. Bizatera ubushyuhe budasanzwe kuri moteri kandi biyifashe igihe gito. Cyane cyane iyo uyikoresha yongereye igihe cyo gufata feri abigambiriye cyangwa atabigambiriye, ingaruka zizaba zikomeye cyane. ③ Guhagarika icyuma gitanga amashanyarazi iyo moteri irimo gufunga bizagabanya cyane igihe cyo gukoresha icyuma. Kubera ko umuriro uba munini mu gihe cyo gufunga, ingufu za rukuruzi zibikwa muri inductor izunguruka ziba nini. Iyo zifunguye, izi ngufu zirekurwa hagati y’ibikoresho mu buryo bwa arc. Sohoka, uvanemo ibikoresho, hanyuma ubishongeshe mu bihe bikomeye.

④ Kubera ko moteri ikora ku muvuduko muto cyane mbere gato yo gufunga feri, ubushobozi bw'ubu bwoko bwa screwdriver y'amashanyarazi muri rusange buba buke. Ubu bwoko bwa screwdriver y'amashanyarazi bushobora gukoreshwa ku miterere idasaba cyane yo guhuza ubwoko bwa A, B, C na E. Guhuza ubwoko bwa D muri Mc"umusozi

Imiterere y'itumanaho nayo irahari.

(3) Siruvisi ikoresha amashanyarazi ikoreshwa n'amashanyarazi

Ni igikoresho kigabanya amashanyarazi mu buryo bwikora. Hashingiwe ku isano iri hagati ya torque ya electromagnetic ya moteri n'umuyoboro wa moteri, hashyizweho uburyo bwo kugenzura torque yo guteranya screwdriver y'amashanyarazi binyuze mu gushyiraho agaciro k'umuyoboro wa moteri. Ubu bwoko bwa screwdriver y'amashanyarazi ni bwo bwa mbere mu Bushinwa, ariko hafi yabwo ntibwakikorwa vuba aha kuko imikorere yabwo yo kugenzura ari mibi cyane. Abantu ntibashobora kwirinda kwibaza bati: Kuki ubu buryo bwo kugenzura ari ingirakamaro cyane ku byuma bifunga torque? Iki gicuruzwa cyarakozwe kandi gikoreshwa, kandi uburyo bwo kugenzura torque bushobora kugera kuri ±5% FS; kuki screwdriver zigezweho zikoreshwa mu mashanyarazi nazo ari zo zikoreshwa ubu. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ikintu cy'ingenzi kiri mu kuba nyuma y'ibura ry'amashanyarazi, imikorere ya screwdriver y'amashanyarazi ihinduka torque y'inyongera idashobora kugenzurwa, ikaba ari igice kinini. Ibi biterwa nuko kugira ngo harebwe imikorere myiza, igipimo cy'umuvuduko w'icyuma gigabanya screwdriver y'amashanyarazi kiba gito, kandi kugira ngo harebwe torque runaka yo gukaza, ingufu za moteri ntizishobora kuba nto cyane (nyuma yo guhindura, 1500N·Urufunguzo rwa torque rudahinduka rukenera gusa ingufu zingana na 0.3W, mu gihe screwdriver y'amashanyarazi ya M4 ikenera ingufu zingana na 8W kugira ngo ikore IN·m torque). Kubera iyo mpamvu, ingufu zisanzwe zikoreshwa n'igihe cyo guteranya igice ni nini, bityo torque y'inyongera idacungwa nayo ni nini. Igisubizo ni uguhita ushyira feri yihuse kuri moteri nyuma yuko torque igeze aho ihagarara ugahagarika amashanyarazi. Muri iki gihe, moteri ikora nk'aho Jenereta, guhindura ingufu nyinshi za kinetic za sisitemu izunguruka mo ingufu z'amashanyarazi kandi zikoreshwa mu gushyushya resistor, bityo bigatuma igenzura ritagenzurwa. Kugenzura torque y'inyongera byongera urwego rwo kugenzura no kugenzura neza. Mu by'ukuri, screwdrivers z'amashanyarazi zigenzurwa n'amashanyarazi za Daniker (harimo na screwdrivers z'amashanyarazi zigenda zihagarara neza zavuzwe nyuma) zifata iki gipimo kugira ngo zigere ku miterere myiza yo kugenzura guteranya. Iyi screwdrivers z'amashanyarazi zigenzurwa n'amashanyarazi zifite urwego rwagutse rwo kugenzura ako kanya kandi zifite imiterere myiza yo kugenzura ako kanya. Ikwiriye imiterere yo guteranya ya screws za A, B, C, na E zifite ibisabwa byinshi, kandi ikwiriye no ku screws zikurikiza Mc"Ibiranga ihuriro ry'ubwoko bwa Mt D.

Ubwoko bw'icyuma gikingira umutekano

Ubusanzwe uburyo bwo gufunga umutekano bushyirwa ku mpera y'umuvuduko muto w'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi wo gufunga screwdriver. Iyo torque yo gufunga (ni ukuvuga torque yo guteranya) irenze agaciro kayo, stroke iragwa. Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bw'udupfunyika tw'umutekano, harimo n'udupfunyika tw'ibyuma bikoreshwa bisikuruva zikoresha amashanyarazi (byakoreshwaga mu minsi ya mbere, ariko ubu ntibikunze gukoreshwa cyane bitewe no kwangirika, ubushyuhe, n'imikorere idahindagurika), udukingirizo tw'umutekano two mu bwoko bw'amenyo, udukingirizo tw'umutekano two mu bwoko bw'umupira, n'udukingirizo tw'umutekano two mu bwoko bw'imizingo. Udukingirizo. Bitewe n'ibikenewe n'iterambere ry'imiterere y'inyubako, hari ubwoko butandukanye bwa screwdrivers z'amashanyarazi (urugero, zimwe ntizishyira clutch ku giti ahubwo zishyira ku gikoresho cy'imbere cy'impeta, kandi zigakoresha torque y'ikirahure kugira ngo zigere ku musaruro w'umutekano), kandi hari byinshi cyane byo kuvuga. . Ariko icyerekezo rusange cy'iterambere ni miniaturization, koroshya, kunoza no kongera umubare w'amenyo ahuza (imipira, imizingo) kugira ngo bigabanye torque y'inyongera, kunoza uburyo bwo guteranya, kongera ubuzima bwa clutch, no kugabanya vibration aho umuntu ahurira n'umutwe w'igikoresho cy'akazi. . Ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe biza mu bice 24, birumvikana ko byongera akazi ko gutunganya. Ibikoresho nk'ibi bishobora kugabanywamo ibice bikurikira hakurikijwe amahame yabyo, imikorere, n'imiterere yabyo.s

(1) Ubwoko bwa clutch ikoreshejwe ingufu

Ni igikoresho cyo kuzimya umuriro kidakoresha ikoranabuhanga. Igitutu kiri hagati y’igice cya clutch gikora n’igitwarwa ni igitutu cy’umurambararo gitangwa n’umukoresha kuri screwdriver y’amashanyarazi. Kubwibyo, niba igitutu cy’umurambararo gikoreshwa ari kinini, igitutu cy’umurambararo kizaba kinini, kandi igitutu cy’umurambararo nacyo kizaba kinini. Ibinyuranye n’ibyo, bigomba kugaragazwa cyane cyane ko iyo igitutu cy’umurambararo kidakuweho nyuma yo gucika kandi umuriro udacitswe, umurambararo uzongera gucika, bigatuma habaho ingaruka n’ibindi bimenyetso by’umurambararo. Kubwibyo, umusaruro w’umurambararo uterwa rwose n’ubuhanga bw’umukoresha, bityo bikwiranye gusa n’imiterere y’umurambararo w’ubwoko bwa A, B, C, E nta byangombwa by’ubuhanga buhagije. Ariko, ku miterere y’umurambararo w’ubwoko bwa D na F bya Mt > Mc, igihe cyose umukoresha afite uburambe n’inshingano bihagije, ubu bwoko bw’igikoresho ni amahitamo akwiye.

(2) Ubwoko bw'agakoresho gashobora guhindurwa gashobora gukoreshwa

Ni igikoresho cyo kuzimya umuriro kidakoresha ikoranabuhanga. Iyi miterere ikoresha umuvuduko w'imashini ihindura umuvuduko kugira ngo isimbuze umuvuduko w'imashini ukoreshwa n'umukoresha wavuzwe haruguru, bityo haboneka umuvuduko wo gucika. Ariko, ubushobozi bwo gusubiramo umuvuduko wayo no kuwuhindura ni byiza cyane kuruta uwo ikoresha ikoresheje imbaraga, kandi ntabwo itera umuvuduko ukomeye w'igikoresho iyo ikora. Ntigabanya gusa imbaraga z'umukoresha, ahubwo inagabanya kwangirika k'umwanya cyangwa umwanya wo kunyuramo n'igipfundikizo cyayo bitewe no gucika k'umutwe wa screwdriver. Kubwibyo, igihe cyose umukoresha ahagaritse imodoka iyo ikoresha imashini kandi akagabanya ingaruka z'umuvuduko w'inyongera w'imashini, umuvuduko uhoraho w'imashini ugera hafi y'umuvuduko wo gucika ushobora kuboneka. Kubwibyo, ishobora gukoreshwa mu guteranya umugozi wa A, B, C, na E hamwe n'ibisabwa bimwe na bimwe byo guteranya umuvuduko. Byakagombye kugaragazwa ko ukuri kw'umuvuduko wo gucika n'umuvuduko wo guteranya bidaterwa gusa n'imiterere y'igikoresho ahubwo binaterwa n'urwego rw'imikorere y'umukoresha. Igerageza ryagaragaje ko iyo igikoresho kigumishijwe ku bushake mu gihe kirekire gisubiwemo, imbaraga zo guteranya zishobora kugera ku nshuro 2-3 z'imbaraga zo gutemba. Kubwibyo, ubwiza bw'imbaraga zo guteranya bushingiye ahanini ku buhanga bw'umukoresha. Abakoresha bo ku rwego rwo hejuru bashobora guteranya imiterere ya D-type assembly ya Mc>Mt, kandi bashobora no kubyaza umusaruro uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibintu kenshi.

Bihujwe n'inyongera z'igihe kugira ngo hateranywe ingingo zifite imiterere ya F. Birumvikana ko kwambara kwa clutch bizihuta kandi imikorere myiza yo guteranya izagabanuka.

Ubu bwoko bwa screwdriver y'amashanyarazi bushobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bwo guhindura imbere n'ubwoko bwo guhindura inyuma hakurikijwe uburyo bwo guhindura umuvuduko w'impeshyi. Ubwoko bwo guhindura imbere bworoshye cyane, ariko biragoye gufungura igice cy'igipfukisho cy'imikorere mugihe uhindura umuvuduko w'impeshyi, bityo ubu ntabwo ikoreshwa gake. Ariko, iyi nyubako iracyakoreshwa cyane muri screwdriver z'amashanyarazi zikorerwa mu gihugu zikozwe mu cyiciro kimwe. Imashini yo guhindura impeshyi yo mu bwoko bwo guhindura inyuma iri hanze y'igipfukisho, kandi uyikoresha ashobora kuyihindura byoroshye kugirango ahindure umuvuduko w'impeshyi kugirango ahindure umuvuduko utera. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, screwdriver z'amashanyarazi zihoraho zikorerwa mu gihugu, cyane cyane screwdriver z'amashanyarazi zikoreshwa na bateri, muri rusange zakoresheje ubwo bwoko.

Ubwoko bwa clutch ikoreshwa mu kuzimya umuriro ishobora guhindurwa

Ni igikoresho kigabanya amashanyarazi mu buryo bwikora. Hashingiwe kuri clutch ya buffer ihinduka yavuzwe haruguru, ibikoresho bipima aho ibintu biri nka limit switches na photoelectric conversion Hall transformers bikoreshwa mu kumenya aho clutch inyura mu gihe cyo gucika no kuyihinduramo ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi, bigatuma imikorere ya circuit ikatira moteri. Tanga umuriro, kandi ukore feri ikoresha ingufu vuba kugira ngo clutch idatanga torque y'inyongera iterwa n'ingaruka za clutch zisubirwamo, kugira ngo torque yo guteranya ibe ingana neza na torque yo gucika, kandi torque yo guteranya igaruke igere kuri ± 3% kugeza kuri ± 5%. Kubwibyo, ikwiriye imiterere ya A, B, C, D (Mc> Mt), E n'ubundi bwoko bw'imigozi ifite ibisabwa byo gukora neza cyane. Mu minsi ya mbere, imikorere yavuzwe haruguru yakoreshaga cyane imikorere yoroshye yo guteranya. Vuba aha, imikorere ya elegitoroniki y'amashanyarazi yakoreshejwe. Iyi ya nyuma ifite igihe cyo gusubiza vuba kandi nta guhuza, bityo ifite imikorere myiza kandi yizewe cyane.

Uburyo bwo hitamo screwdriver ikoresha amashanyarazi

Bitewe n'uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha n'ibikoresho byo gukora, byemejwe ko screwdriver zikoresha amashanyarazi zigomba kuba zifite imiterere itandukanye kugira ngo zihuze n'ibyo zikeneye. Iki ni ikibazo cyo guhitamo mu itegurwa rya screwdriver zikoresha amashanyarazi kigomba gukemurwa. Ahubwo, ku muntu runaka, uburyo bwo kugura ibikoresho bye bwite byo guteranya mu bwoko butandukanye bwa screwdriver zikoresha amashanyarazi hakurikijwe uburyo ziboneka, uburyo ubukungu bukoresha, ubushobozi bwo gushyira mu gaciro, nibindi, hashingiwe ku kazi ke n'imiterere y'ibice bigomba guteranywa, bisaba guhitamo.

Ukurikije imiterere n'imiterere y'ibikoresho byo gukora, ndetse n'igihe umukoresha akoresha, screwdriver z'amashanyarazi zo mu bwoko bwa bateri zikoreshwa mu ngo no mu nganda zidafite amashanyarazi; kuri screwdriver z'amashanyarazi zifite ingufu nyinshi n'umuvuduko munini, zigizwe na moteri z'uruhererekane, ku bwinshi. Mu gukoreshwa hagati, koresha screwdriver y'amashanyarazi ifite ingufu nke ifite ingufu zikoreshwa hagati. Mu gukoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye, koresha screwdriver y'amashanyarazi ifite ingufu nke cyangwa screwdriver y'amashanyarazi "ifite ingufu nyinshi". Guhitamo moderi ni ingenzi cyane mu bushakashatsi, mu gushushanya no mu bakora. Guhitamo moderi neza bishobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'abakoresha benshi batandukanye bafite ubwoko buke bw'ibicuruzwa, kandi bikagera ku nyungu zo mu rwego rw'ubukungu n'imibereho myiza; Ahubwo, ni ngombwa cyane ko abakoresha bahitamo ubwoko butandukanye bwa screwdriver z'amashanyarazi hakurikijwe ibihe byabo byo gukoresha n'imiterere y'ibikoresho byo gukora. Kugura nabi bizatuma ishoramari ritagera ku ngaruka ryifuzwa, cyangwa ngo ripfushe ubusa kuko ridashobora gukoreshwa ku bice byaryo. Kugira ngo ibi bigerweho, si ngombwa gusa gushushanya ibicuruzwa hakurikijwe imiterere itandukanye yo guteranya imigozi, ahubwo no kongera ubumenyi bw'abakoresha muri uru rwego.